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Also living within this range is the resilient Southern live oak species Quercus virginiana being the stongest wood for building ships. Thus, connections between the first two words (pitch and bribe/ransom) and kaphar are easy to see. Unfortunately for the curious, the true identity of gopher wood, along with the final resting place of the ark that was made of it, has been lost to time and is impossible to determine. How long was Noah on the ark. Genesis 6:14 states that Noah was to build the Ark of gofer (Hebrew: ), more commonly transliterated as gopher wood, a word not otherwise known in the Bible or in Hebrew. what language is "gopthrith"? Long, wheelchair accessible ramps connect each deck (no steps), however, there is also an elevator tucked away for those who need it. In other words, we have the symbolic act of a high priest making atonement for the sins of the peopleinsulating and protecting them from judgment. Hebrew nouns are normally built on verbal roots, and as far as we can tell, neither gopher nor gafrit are derived from Hebrew terms. We have all heard the story of Noah's ark countless times! Kids, discover fun facts about Gods creation Meet our Donor Relations team led by Director Charles (Chas) Morse. 1,500: Number of people the ark can hold. There is no translation for this tree. Would the discovery of Noahs Ark be important? Do polish your answer up a bit! The following five hardwoods are ranked the highest in the world on the Janka Scale. It is also very likely that gopher wood doesnt exist today. The Jasper Ridge Site (CA-SMA-204) is located within the boundaries of Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve (Jasper Ridge), Woodside, California, 1.4 km downstream of the junction of Bear and San Francisquito Creeks (Bocek, 1987; Fig. It provides three other definitions as well. Gophers are not in the squirrel family, they are in an entirely different family of rodents known as Geomyidae, which includes the beaver. Even though we might think of conceptual connections between homonyms and other words that look to be related, we must be careful about infusing words with spiritual significance if the text does not warrant it. Which Teeth Are Normally Considered Anodontia. And they had brick for stone, and slime had they for morter. The Hebrew word translated as brimstone is gofrit (). It is unclear if gopher wood really existed. The location of Eden is described in the Book of Genesis as the source of four tributaries. "You got my card, I'm not in the book, you know." Gopher is a hard-working rodent who lives underneath the Hundred Acre Wood in his tunnels and mine shafts and frequently in Rabbit's House. Hallelujah is a transliteration of a Hebrew word that literally means, Praise God (Hallel=praise, Jah =God). Even if a connection between these words and kaphar exists, neither of these terms is theologically significant. Some researchers believe the word gopher doesnt refer to a species of wood at all. Gopher Classification. Modern scientists report that the Torreya once lived across North America and is one of the oldest known tree species on earth. What kind of trees were used to build the Ark? Recent suggestions have included a lamination process (to strengthen the Ark), or a now-lost type of tree, but there is no consensus. Still, there are people who think that the reason why its difficult to find the real description of gopher wood is that it has been misspelled in Hebrew. This has led some people to think that gopher is the root of gofrit, implying that the two terms would likely have similar meanings. Copyright 2002-2023 Got Questions Ministries. Groundhogs are bigger and stockier and they hibernate in the winter, unlike gophers, which have special cheek pouches. It is also very likely that gopher wood doesn't exist today. The Ark experience was definitely worth it. Noah's ark was made out of Gopher wood. The primary and most important thing to keep in mind is that even when we dont understand, we can always see examples set by faithful people such as Noah, and respond when God calls us to follow him. Although it is taken from the Latin word crux, it has developed into a verb, noun, and adjective in English with several different meanings for each. Cypress was often used by shipbuilders in the ancient Near When we started building the Ark Encounter, people frequently asked, Are you building the Ark out of the same thing Noah did? I would typically respond by saying, Yes, wood. They would inevitably follow up with a clarification. Thiruvananthapuram: Found only in some parts of the world is gopher tree, which Biblical patriarch Noah used to make the famous ark on God`s command to survive the great deluge. Scientific and Biblical Truth Converge for Gopher Wood. We've added a "Necessary cookies only" option to the cookie consent popup. Many people have seen pictures of Devils Tower or visited the site in Wyoming. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. Instead, these are four distinct homonyms, separate words with identical spelling. It was found frozen under ice, preserved for thousands . In this verse (Gen 6:14), three terms (, [first time], and [second time]) are interconnected by a single root. The Jewish Encyclopedia states that it was most likely a translation of the Babylonian gushure i erini, 'cedar beams', or the Assyrian giparu, 'reeds'. This article attempted to make a couple of theological points based on the authors misunderstanding of these terms. The hidden plateaus once covered in plains of grass so thick, is where the mysterious and legendary Gopher wood was created unseen. Is it correct to use "the" before "materials used in making buildings are"? The Genesis flood covered the entire globe, and the pre-flood world perished (2 Peter 3:6). 8 We cannot assume that since the ark landed on the mountains of Ararat that the trees growing in that region today are the same types that would have been available to Noah before the flood. In the case of the arks pitch, the word simply refers to a covering of pitch, bitumen, or similar substance, and it should not be conflated with the covering of sins. [] Here, there is a great continuity of usage for the tree, as despite its cultural interchange it still remains understood for the same purposes in death.). Same term used for Noah's ark and Moses's basket, Are there Hebrew linguistic connections between the images of the Floods Ark and Mosess Ark. How many generations were there between Adam and Jesus? In modern terms, when we talk about a new deck, wooden privacy fences, or beautifully crafted bookshelves, we are not referring to the type of tree used to create them, but the finish and purpose of the wood. No scientific evidence has been found that Noahs Ark existed as it is described in the Bible. Genesis 6:14 states that Noah was instructed to build the Ark of gofer ( ), commonly transliterated as gopher wood, a word not otherwise used in the Bible or the Hebrew language in general. There are modern English versions of the Bible like the New International Version, the New Living Translation, and the New English Translation, translate gopher wood as cypress wood.. Gopher wood is mentioned only here in the Old Testament. One type of plant lignin contains sulphur, while the other is sulphur-free. It hasn't been mentioned anywhere else in history, so it's not entirely . As mentioned before, Hebrew nouns are usually derived from verbal roots. Cite this article: Various Authors. . Answer (1 of 136): The biblical use of the word gopher wood is actually not a correct translation. Finally, Andrew Steinmann agrees with the above statements in writing the following: Many other commentaries making the same point could be cited. For example, each thief crucified with Jesus had his own cross (John 19:3132), and Jesus said that each of his followers should take up his cross daily (Luke 9:23). Acts & Facts. Genesis 6:14 states that Noah was to build the Ark of gofer (Hebrew ), more commonly transliterated as gopher wood, a word not otherwise known in the Bible or in Hebrew. Genesis 6:14 states that Noah was to build the Ark of gofer (Hebrew: ), more commonly transliterated as gopher wood, a word not otherwise known in the Bible or in Hebrew. 1) The Security of . Gopher wood was indeed perfect for sheltering animals as well as people who were chosen to be saved from the flood. Repel the gopher by placing castor oil pellets, peppermint oil, and fabric softener sheets in the burrows nearest your home . Furthermore, God instructed Noah to construct the ark out of gopher wood. Genera can be categorized by the size of a gopher's forefeet, claws and front teeth or incisors. It probably refers to a type of cedar or pine. Well, thats a difficult question to answer because it requires us to properly identify gopher wood (or gopherwood in some Bibles). There are multiple problems with this assertion, and consequently the points the authors derive from it (discussed below) are dubious at best. How It Works Gopher is similar to another Internet protocol, File Transfer Protocol (FTP), because it remotely accesses files over a TCP/IP internetwork such as the Internet. The LXX is often helpful when trying to discover the meaning of Hebrew terms, but in this case, it does not seem to offer much assistance. "Gopher" in the KJV is simply a transcription of Hebrew . Please take our Tour to find out what we look for in well-researched answers: Welcome, Kambang kalu. 2019. You might suspect someone recently tampered Devils Tower: Mysterious Columns and Engineered Lichens. The Enhanced Strongs Lexicon cites the noun kopher as occurring 17 times10 of the references having something to do with ransom (8) and satisfaction (2). The very materials used in the construction of the Ark not only convey protection from the judgment of the floodwaters but a deeper layer of meaning in the protection against a sulphurous fiery judgment in the afterlife. However, since both of these ideas are flawed, we should not endorse such a conclusion. You can find out more by clicking And most likely this wood is also beautiful because it was specifically chosen by God. Other less common translations avoid the word completely and go with generic phrases like cedar (ISV), lumber (CEV), or timber (GNB). As the written documentation of Gods interaction with humanity, the Bible is filled with miraculous and amazing events. 10 Reasons Why the Trial of Jesus Was Illegal. Buses take you from the parking lot to the Ark. Cypress was often used by shipbuilders in the ancient Near East. [3] The Aramaic Targum Onkelos, considered by many Jews to be an authoritative translation of the Hebrew scripture, renders this word as qadros, 'cedar'. Many searches have been mounted for the Ark, but no confirmable physical proof of the Ark has ever been found. Privacy Policy and Transcription is the process by which a word from one language is brought into another based on phonetics (i.e., how the word sounds). The 3.3 million board feet of wood was harvested from as far away as Oregon and British Columbia. Pine wood, as well as most evergreen woods, tend to burn the hottest. Would the magnetic fields of double-planets clash? Pick up the scripture in Genesis 6:14 "Make thee an ark of gopher wood; rooms shalt thou make in the ark, and shalt pitch it within and without with pitch." I would like to show 4 aspects of Noah's ark for us to think about and, once again, to make things easier to remember I will let each thought begin with the letter "S". The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Not the answer you're looking for? Now, begin typing the Gopher address. Welcome to Biblical Hermeneutics. Because of this, there is much dispute as to what the word means, and even if it is the correct word! Stack Exchange network consists of 181 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. Make yourself an ark of gopherwood; make rooms in the ark, and The CSB Bible uses gofer with an explanation in the footnotes: Unknown species of tree; perhaps pine or Cypress. Linear Algebra - Linear transformation question. Why did God choose gopher wood of all the many types of wood? gopher vs. groundhog shittim wood, in the Bible, wood of the shittah tree, probably an acacia, from which the Ark of the Covenant and furniture of the Tabernacle were made. Preface. But this is a wonderful testimony to the truth and continuity of Scripture. Different translations use different words for it, primarily gopher wood (KJV, ESV), or Cypress wood (NIV, NLT). The first mention of the word gopher woodin the Bibleis within the book of Genesisand it reads Godtold Noahto build an ark(a huge box-shaped vessel) of "gopher wood". It is also called cypress wood as it comes from the cypress tree. Noah stands with flowing beard, giraffes project necks out a window, two zebras walk up the gangplank. Best regards Peggy Latham Studied at LIfelong Study of the Word of God Author has 201 answers and 62.9K answer views 3 y Browse other questions tagged, Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site. The other translations such as KJV and ESV have chosen to keep the pronunciation of gopher wood, and in doing so have simply decided to not attempt a guess and just leave the word as it is. Cypress wood is also a possibility. For example, the word translated in English as ark is , but this same word is used in the Greek New Testament to speak of the ark of the covenant (Hebrews 9:4, Revelation 11:19). To answer your Question # 2, read, please the following information. So to my kmowledge these kind of wood do exist nowadays. So that's what the question is centered on. "We have not fixed any name-board on as we fear that it might prompt the wood smugglers to cut it and sell as it could fetch a big price on account of its Biblical association," he said. The goal is to make it easy to read in the target language and pronounce it in essentially the same way as spoken in the original language. The wood of a resin-yielding conifer, probably the cypress, used in making the ark ( Gen. 6:14 ). Gopher is the Hebrew word translated cypress wood in the NIV. Radial axis transformation in polar kernel density estimate, How to handle a hobby that makes income in US. The King James and the New King James versions wisely leave the word untranslated. "jo'fehr." God also sent Noah specific instructions about the size and the dimensions of the ark and when it was finished, He commanded that Noah keep a pair of every animal on earth. It is a single character used to represent the type of url resource . Many modern scholars consider gopher wood as cypress wood because of its extreme durability. 13 And God said unto Noah, The end of all flesh is come before me; for the earth is filled with violence through them; and, behold, I will destroy them with the earth. 1 pages 3-11; along with the following WEBlink htpps://aroyking.wordpress.com/2009/10/31/the-connection-between-halloween-and-the-great-flood/), Come away, come away, death, Gopher has a whistling sound in his speech. The tips may, however, be changed with walnut, compressed wood, ebony, or brass to create worlds of new sounds. The Bibles mentions of cedarwood make clear that this was a strong and valuable type of wood, used in building Solomons Temple (1 Kings 6:15). What in the world is gopher wood? The word kaphar is the Qal stem of the verb kpr, meaning to cover. (In the Piel stem, the verb conveys the meaning to atone. Thus, it is used to speak of atoning sacrifices in that they cover the sins of people.). To answer your Question # 1, take account that the wood of cypress possesses two main characteristics: The highly respected twentieth-century Jewish scholar E. A. Speiser had only this to say about gopher wood in his commentary. 'Gopher' wood is not a botanical category. Where did the wood for the Ark Encounter come from? This means that the word does not translate a Hebrew word into an English word, but it is an English word created to sound like the original Hebrew word. In the Chaldean account of the deluge, the language everywhere is that of a maritime people: the history in Genesis is as plainly the work of a people . If a soul commit a trespass, and sin through ignorance, in the holy things of the LORD. (Leviticus 5:15) Every detail of the Arks construction shows His care, love, and redemptive purposes. Biblical Hermeneutics Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for professors, theologians, and those interested in exegetical analysis of biblical texts. Who prepares rain for the earth, Noah is also told in Genesis 6:14 to cover [the Ark] inside and outside with pitch. The word cover is the Hebrew word , or kphar, which literally means to cover and by extension means to insulate or to atone for (by covering). This word is widely used in Mosaic law to describe the process of the high priest making atonement for the sins of the people (i.e., by covering those sins as if thereby protectively insulating the people), such as on Ym Kippr (Day of Atonement). Groundhogs are native to North America, and they prefer wooded areas close to more open. The crosses that the thieves were on are identical in meaning to the cross Jesus died on. As stated by Tony Evans, obedience in the midst of evil should be the supreme goal and desire of Gods people (The Tony Evans Bible commentary, p. 64). Scholars of yesterday and today are still deciphering what gopher wood is from the Bible and from these studies are theories that may have been true. The wood is call golnopher letter lno is missing in the word gopher wood it is s special wood we local people build our canoes its our local language same as the word Maria the bitter water that Moses touch and make it sweet Maria means ginger bitter and other word is mana bread from heaven its our local language for food call manang na na mising there are plenty words but i give only few Everything about this passage is simply amazing: the flood, the animals, and the faithfulness of one man and his family amongst all the peoples of the earth. How did Biblical translators decide on cypress for the type of wood in Noah's ark? This works notably in knowledge-intensive . The Ark, along with its sister attraction the Creation Museum, is closing due to concerns about the potential spread of the coronavirus. Gophers are considerably smaller than groundhogs at only about 2 or 3 pounds. In Genesis 6:14, the Lord told Noah, "'Make yourself an ark of gopherwood; make rooms in the ark, and cover it inside and outside with pitch.'". The last time it's used is in Revelation 21:16 "and the city four-cornered lies". Perhaps the LXX translators were privy to reliable sources to support this interpretation, but such materials are not available to researchers today. Many Christians do not seem to recognize how such a view is incompatible with Scripture. Biologists have long noted that unlike most animals, humans have sclerathat white ring around the iris. It is certain, however, that it was an oblong box, not capable of sailing, but intended merely to float. This was to be made from a particular type of wood: gopher wood. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. Oh, and getting back to the original question about whether we used gopher wood to build the ark at the Ark Encounterif Engelmann spruce or Douglas fir happen to be descended from that mysterious lumber, then yes, we built at least some of our ark out of gopher wood. Genesis 6:14 Context. And the cross that Jesus commands each of his followers to take up is not necessarily a physical cross to die on but rather the difficulties and challenges that every believer will face. Why did Noah release a raven? In 2020, the Institute for Creation Research acknowledged that, despite many expeditions, Noahs Ark had not been found and is unlikely to be found. As for Noah's Ark: Noah was commanded to build it of gopher wood. Lets look at an example in English to see why it is a mistake to base theological speculations on purported etymological connections. Newsletter 5842-001 The Torah of the Bondservant. While homonyms are fairly common in English, they are even more prevalent in Hebrew. It only takes a minute to sign up. The Final World: Renovation or New Creation? Thanks for contributing an answer to Biblical Hermeneutics Stack Exchange! Where is the replica of Noahs Ark built? Some of what they find, like mammoths, are expected, while others leave a mystery behind. The Bible (Genesis 6:15) says, Noah, as ordered by Lord, made the ark out of gopher wood on which he and his kin and some of earth`s fauna outlived the great flood that submerged the planet. Gopher is the Hebrew word translated "cypress wood" in the NIV. And in sad cypress let me be laid., (William Shakespeare, The Twelfth Night, Act 2, Scene 4). 11 The earth also was corrupt before God, and the earth was filled with violence. It was developed at University of Minnesota and is named after the school's mascot. To access a file or document, a person using a Gopher client types the URL of an accessible Gopher server. How long does it take to go through the Ark Encounter? Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. Gopher wood or gopherwood is a term used once in the Bible for the substance from which Noah's ark was built. We walked the entire Ark in about 3 hours and were able to see all of the displays and informational pieces. While my attempt to put forth the truth of the matter on both gopher wood and its covering may be simple to understand, it most likely will be over the heads of those who hold most dear, their childhood memories of Noah cutting down trees and sawing them up to build the ark. Genesis 6:14 states that Noah was to build the Ark of , gofer, more commonly gopherwood, a word not otherwise known in the Bible or in Hebrew. Newsletter 5842-002 The Prophesies of Abraham. It was mentioned in Genesis 6:14 when God commanded Noah to make yourself an ark of gopher wood. In the Book of Genesis, the mountains of Ararat in what is now eastern Turkey is the region in which Noahs Ark comes to rest after the Great Flood. Moses was instructed to construct the ark of the covenant from the trees of acacia (Exodus 25:10, 13). 2) Is there anything that this particular wood symbolises either through the etymology of its name or from other sources? Since the Bible does not provide enough information for us to make such a determination, we simply have no way of knowing what gopher wood is today. How could it possibly be the root of the feminine noun gofrit? It would be interesting to find out what Greek word that the 72 Jewish scholars chose for this word for the Septuagint. This is a Hebrew word meaning pitch., If this theory is correct, the real passage would read, Make yourself an ark of pitched wood; make rooms in the ark, and cover it inside and outside with pitch.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'cutthewood_com-banner-1','ezslot_2',631,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-cutthewood_com-banner-1-0');if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'cutthewood_com-banner-1','ezslot_3',631,'0','1'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-cutthewood_com-banner-1-0_1');.banner-1-multi-631{border:none!important;display:block!important;float:none!important;line-height:0;margin-bottom:7px!important;margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important;margin-top:7px!important;max-width:100%!important;min-height:250px;padding:0;text-align:center!important}. Some things are simply unknowable this side of eternity. Where is the land of Eden? It occurs only once in the Bible. Chapt. instance in the eleventh century B.C. [2] Similarly, the Latin Vulgate (5th century AD) rendered it as de lignis levigatis (lvigatis, in the spelling of the Clementine Vulgate), 'of timber planks'. Did you know that a boat was found right by Mt. However, leading academic lexicons like HALOT and Clines give this word four separate entries, making it clear that this is not one word with four separate meanings. The narrative of Noah and the Ark begins in Genesis 6 and continues through Genesis 9. "Blessed are those who have not seen and yet have believed" ( John 20:29 ). When we dig deeper into the Hebrew, we begin to find enlightening connections. @NigelJ Gophrith actually means brimstone, something like that. English? There is a large number of plants and trees that may have become extinct since the time of Noah. For example, Wenham wrote the following in his commentary on Genesis: Derek Kidner offers the following information in his commentary: We will consider the Septuagints translation in more detail after checking a couple more commentaries. First, the wood of the ark would have been very valuable after the flood. Can I tell police to wait and call a lawyer when served with a search warrant? Loose, sandy soil with edible plant cover is the best habitat for pocket gophers. Genesis 6:14 states that Noah was instructed to build the Ark of gofer (.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"SBL Hebrew","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Taamey Frank CLM","Frank Ruehl CLM","Ezra SIL","Ezra SIL SR","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}), commonly transliterated as gopher wood, a word not otherwise used in the Bible or the Hebrew language in general. Live Trapping Gophers - Mousetrap Monday Shawn Woods 1.78M subscribers Subscribe 27K Share 1.6M views 2 years ago Amazing video footage of a. Many modern English translations favor cypress (otherwise referred to in Biblical Hebrew as berosh). Where is gopher wood found in the world? Sing praises on the harp to our God, It is written originally ad 'gofer wood' and it is the only time it is ever used in all scriptural writings. Noahs ark, according to Answers in Genesis, took between 55 to 75 years to build. The Septuagint, a Greek translation of the Old Testament dating back 300 years before Christ, translates it to mean squared timber. The adjectival form in the example (angry) is likely based on being opposed to something, which was taken from the way the two beams of a cross are opposed to one another. (Actually, its stated in cubits, not feet). How long did it take to build Noahs Ark? Reflecting on an Ancient Mystery. Ibid. The massive passenger liner measured in at 882 feet and 9 inches long, weighed 46,328 gross tons and had a 2,453-passenger capacity, making it the largest ship afloat at the time it set sail in 1912. for the construction of their barques for transport on the Nile, for The word for pitch is kopher, and it is a noun based on the verbal root kpr. Bait the gopher into a live trap and release it far from your property. But there are some theories as to what exactly is this type of wood. There are many different types of gophers. Believed created only at high elevation, enjoy the virtual tour we've assembled, and accept with us the . From the latter variant (through a consonantal commutation G > K) - with a very good chance - were derived the Greek term (cypress) and, consequently, from here, the posterior (?) Lagarde considered that it was connected with gophrith, meaning "brimstone," or "pitch," while others connect it with kopher, also meaning "pitch"; hence, along both lines, we . DeepMind's research went on to say that Gopher almost halves the accuracy gap from GPT-3 to human expert performance and exceeds forecaster expectations. According to state Forest Department officials, though the fully-grown gopher in Gavi is the only such tree sighted in the periphery of the jungle, possibly there could be more such trees still surviving in the inner forests of PTR. Although this is an unlikely explanation, these supposed gopher trees are treasured and protected as possible descendants of the biblical wood. There are some archaeologists who say that gopher may have referred to a lamination process which was done to improve the stability of the wood due to the extreme size and weight of the ark. Ararat recently? In fact, it is not even a word that is used anywhere else in the Hebrew language! Newsletter 5842-003 The Meaning of Valentine and the Government of Nimrod. Is it possible to rotate a window 90 degrees if it has the same length and width? Latin term cupressus, of identical meaning. For example, the Jewish Encyclopedias article on gopher wood cites Paul de Lagarde, who proposed that gopher and gofrit are related and connected with sulfur because of the likeness in appearance which sulfur bears to pine-resin.9 Regarding this idea and other modern efforts to identify gopher wood, the article states that, as a rule, these claims are arbitrary and unsatisfactory. He was to destroy the world using a flood. Look at what the leading lexical reference works have to say about this term. What is gopher wood? It is from. Dr. Johnson is Associate Professor of Apologetics and Chief Academic Officer at the Institute for Creation Research. Why are Suriname, Belize, and Guinea-Bissau classified as "Small Island Developing States"? Article Images Copyright . For example, lignins make hardwood trees hard. According to legend, Noah loaded two of every animal onto a 150-meter long ark to save them from apocalyptic flooding. Its the sulphur-bearing lignins that form the fundamental structural basis of all hardwood trees used for lumber products. Jason Soroskiis a homeschool dad and member of the worship team at matthias lot church in St. Charles, MO.