Elizabeth's parents, Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. Elizabeth I - reigned from 1558-1603 Elizabeth I's first rebellion to deal with was the Shane O'Neill Rebellion, which occurred in Ireland and lasted from 1558-1567. How To Revise For GCSE Psychology Step-by-Step, Chapter 3:Elizabethan society in the Age of Exploration, 155888. Over the last 40 years there had been 3 different rulers, Henry VIII, Edward VI and Mary I all of which had very different views on religion and running the country. A great threat was presented by Catholic opposition to Elizabeth's rule, but Mary's influence over this, and therefore the threat that she posed as an individual, may be called into question. Elizabeth was actually popular which meant those conspiring to overthrow her lacked public support. Company Reg no: 04489574. She was then third in line behind her Roman Catholic half-sister, Princess Mary. The rest of the Spanish fleet was forced to sail away from the French coast and into the North Sea with the English fleet on their trail. Essentially, this meant England and Spain were now at war. Te Deums were sung in churches, bonfires lit, and "their was shott at the Tower that night above two thousand . 1560 - death of francis II, Mary returns to scotland as queen. This Papal Bull meant that the loyalty of English Catholics towards Elizabeth was now always in doubt and placed a wedge between the English Catholics monarch and their faith. For example, from 1567, Elizabeth allowed the Dutch sea beggars to shelter in English harbours (from where they then attacked Spanish ships in the English Channel who were making their way with men and materiel to support Albas mission). The plots to overthrow Elizabeth failed for a number of reasons such as: Elizabeth was actually popular which meant those conspiring to overthrow her lacked public support. Philip II and the Pope supported the plot that would involve the invasion of England by the Duke of Guise. Their union had brought peace between Spain and England, and Elizabeth's Privy Council hoped to maintain this. This significantly committed Elizabeth to support the Dutch rebels directly against the Spanish. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - conclusion. There are 4 main exam boards which are AQA, Edexcel (Pearson), OCR and How To Revise For GCSE Psychology The ultimate step-by-step guide for students, teachers and private students. Student /
This focused on dividing the poor into the able-bodied and the impotent. Drake himself described the raid as Singeing the King of Spains beard. Financial Weakness She was 300,000 in debt. He chose to sail around Scotland and Ireland which presented a dangerous route which the Spanish sailors were unfamiliar with. In 1568, Spanish ships laden with gold bullion took refuge in English ports to escape the bad weather. There was broad support for the new Settlement and very few refused to take the oath of loyalty to the queen. This partly explained why harsher treatment of Catholics occurred soon after, led by the Council of the North. Indeed, the Ridolfi Plot of 1571 was even led by one of the Popes spies, Roberto Ridolfi. She raised an army following her escape from prison but was defeated at Langside (Glasgow). Apple Ordered to Pay Optis Wireless $300 Million in Second LTE Patent Trial. The Duke of Norfolk was arrested and executed however Mary was not punished beyond her supervision being made tighter.
Elizabeth had also claimed all the profits from copper mines that were discovered in his estates which meant he lost a significant amount of money too. Marriage and the Succession She was expected to marry and produce an heir for the Tudor line but she wanted to choose the right person and not anger anyone. As the war ended, Philip II of Spain wanted to stay on good . The plots involved European conspirators and were supported by France, Spain and even the Pope. During this journey, they encountered several powerful Atlantic storms and this resulted in many ships sinking or being wrecked on the Scottish and Irish coasts. The first question to ask yourself when revising for GCSE psychology is which exam board am I studying? With the seemingly imminent war between Spain only a matter of time, Elizabeth was determined to rid England of the enemy within. Mary, Queen of Scots had been linked to Catholic plots before, but Elizabeth had always been reluctant to take any action against her. However, she was fearful of the presence of Spain in the Netherlands, who were busy putting down the Dutch Revolt from 1566 under the command of the Duke of Alba. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! One fact that should not be ignored from 1566 was the increasing role of the Pope and his determination to undermine Elizabeth. The child cried when he saw the _______ of his favorite toy in the driveway. These problems included Gender, Religion, Finance and Foreign policy. The Armadas journey back to Spain was a disaster. Elizabeth sent an army of 14,000 men to crush the revolt, which lasted around a month (November to December). Two influential Catholic families the Percys and the Nevilles plotted alongside the Duke of Norfolk to overthrow Elizabeth and replace her with the Catholic, Mary, Queen of Scots (who now resided in England). [Relative comparison made to inform the judgement here shows instantly criteria are being established, helping to signpost the rest of the answer.]. Official Thread: (Undergraduate) Medicine 2023 Entry, St George's University of London (SGUL) A101 2023 Entry. Podcast: The Life and Significance of Alan Turing, Copyright The Historical Association 2023. In January 1558, the french conquered Calais, England's last remaining territory on the European mainland. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - introduction. Spouse: None. As King Phillip II ruled the Netherlands, he had control over the access to these vital Dutch ports and he could, therefore, limit English access. Led by two powerful Catholic landowners, Thomas Percy, Earl of Northumberland, and Charles Neville, Earl of Westmorland, this rebellions principal aims included the restoration of Catholicism to England, as well as the installation of Mary as Queen of England. From 1566 the Pope had instructed English Catholics to take part in recusancy, and by 1570 a Papal Bull had been issued excommunicating Elizabeth and stating that English Catholics had no need to have loyalty towards their Queen and instead should help overthrow her. LS23 6AD Elizabeth had reinstated Protestantism as the official religion of England when she inherited the throne, but that did not mean that there were not still Catholics residing in the country. He even came to England to meet Elizabeth and she even announced before some of her courtiers that she would marry him. The traditional bonds between England and Spain were deteriorating and England needed the support of France for protection from Spain. While a baby is born at various points throughout the show, Francis is not its father. She replaced her Catholic half-sister Mary, who died childless. Roberto di Ridolfi was an Italian banker who played a small role in the Revolt of the Northern Earls. Therefore, I disagree with the statement. Why was the Catholic threat greater by the 1580s? Doodle's Point of View Norfolk was killed in 1572. The French Catholic League signed this treaty with Philip II of Spain. Elizabeth was born on 7th September 1533 to Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. The core of her legitimacy problem centred around the circumstances of her birth by Anne Boleyn. Those who refused this were sent to prison. Answer:Despite initially being a threat to England, civil war in France from 1562 meant the French monarchs were too preoccupied with home affairs to pose a thr eye27 eye27 11.05.2020 - Significant political threat as her legitimacy and gender led to people not accepting her as queen. This peace treaty between England and France ended the war inherited by Elizabeth from her half-sister Mary I, who went to war alongside her Spanish husband Philip II in 1557. 30 ships were destroyed, as well as lots of supplies. It was a turning point: the rest of Elizabeth's reign was bedevilled by plots and rumours of Catholic rebellion. This helps to explain why Elizabeth had to deal with so many plots, the intention of which was to replace Elizabeth with Mary. Pick a key scene from the story and tell it from the third-person limited point of view, through Doodle's senses and feelings. You may use the following in your answer: France and Elizabeth's legitimacy (16 marks) 'Religion was the main cause of the . Sir Robert Naunton recorded that the queen once said angrily to Leicester, when he tried to insist upon a favour, "I will have here but one mistress and no master." A war would have to involve invasion because after 1558 England had no possessions in mainland Europe (Calais had been lost in 1558). Babington and other known plotters were hanged, drawn and quartered. - Quite a significant political threat as both France and Spain had the power to invade England. Elizabeth therefore committed actions that helped undermine the Spanish whilst ensuring England did not become fully embroiled in the conflict. Therefore, France controlled the whole of the northern coastline and posed a major threat to England. Elizabeth, however, did not sign the death warrant until February 1587. Those involved planned for an invasion of England by French troops and were financed by Phillip II of Spain and the Pope. Phillip was warned against this mission but believed he was on a mission from God. This was viewed as significant because it was seen as a means to increase trade, to expand Protestantism and to use the area as a base for attacks on Spanish colonies in the New World. This was a huge sum of money, especially when you consider the annual income of the Crown was approximately 286,000. Social Studies American History: Reconstruction to the Present Guided Reading Workbook. Norfolk was also expected to marry Mary. Spain and France were the major European powers. J. Tensions in the Netherlands increased greatly between 1576 and 1584. The northern nobles felt Elizabeths advisors were responsible for many of these policy changes. This was seen as a huge blow for English pride as England had territory in France for hundreds of years. He also used double agents to infiltrate Catholic networks. There are 4 main exam boards used in the UK. Edward was succeeded by Mary, who in turn ruled for five years until her death in 1558. The harsh weather conditions made it impossible for the Spanish fleet to return to the Channel after the battle of Gravelines. Guy states that Northumberland's success in foreign policy was due to ending Somerset's wars . Elizabeth I faced more difficulties as a monarch than any other Tudor. One last thing to consider was the fact that Elizabeth was unmarried and childless. The problems arose as she ruled an isolated protestant kingdom surrounded by catholic superpowers. Thereafter, up to 11,000 English Catholics were either arrested or placed under surveillance. The answer does touch upon the issue of religion but this could be extended further to acknowledge the extensive divisions within society given the preceding tumultuous changes (a brief mention of the role of the puritans for example could help). - send 2000 to rebels. They believed privy council members such as William Cecil had become too powerful and instead wanted to remove those they deemed evil and replace them with councillors more sympathetic to their causes. This was important because it demonstrated the strength of Catholic feeling within England and highlighted how Elizabeth, after 11 years, was still vulnerable to English Catholics. In 1580, she received treasure from Sir Francis Drake from his exploits which was worth more than all the rest of her income for that year put together. The invasion would include the murder of Elizabeth and the placing of Mary, Queen of Scots on the throne. Mary, Queen of Scots cousin (the French Duke of Guise) intended to invade England, free Mary, overthrow Elizabeth and restore Catholicism. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 1st point + explanation. Robert Dudley was the Earl of Leicester and during the time of the conflict involving the Netherlands, he was appointed to lead the military expedition to the Netherlands. Elizabeth I - the last Tudor monarch - was born at Greenwich on 7 September 1533, the daughter of Henry VIII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn. - Leith blockade. Italian bankers from Genoa had lent Philip II money to fund his campaign in the Netherlands (which was trying to put down the Dutch Revolt). W ith the first female vice president taking office in the US, and female leaders around the world excelling despite a global crisis, it's hard to imagine why women have been wildly underrepresented in leadership for so long. This was one of the more serious courtships of Elizabeth's reign. This meant that England had suffered economically as they were not generating any income from Calais. Instead, both men preferred to negotiate a settlement. It was the only major threat to Henry's security as monarch. Some Vikings fled to France to establish a colony called Normandy. Thomas Percy, 7th Earl of Northumberland was part of the Rising in the North in 1569. Her aggressive stance on some issues led to further problems such as those faced in Ireland. Elizabeth made England protestant, which caused tension with the rest of Europe as they were heavily catholic (such as Spain and France). Describe two features of the threats posed to Elizabeth in 1558 3. The use of fireships by the British exposed this weakness. Elizabeth seized the gold which angered King Phillip and in response, he seized English ships that were in Antwerp. Another problem Elizabeth I had when she ascended to the throne in 1558 was the problems she had with illegitimacy. Another serious contender was Francis, Duke of Alencon, later Duke of Anjou. England had lost the last of her territories in France during the reign of Mary, when Calais was lost. The victory over the Spanish was not just a military success for England, but it also helped to strengthen Elizabeths rule over the country. There was a very real risk that he could form an alliance with other Catholic powers such as France and Spain and invade England. Fearful of the wrath of Catholic powerhouses, France and Spain, Elizabeth did not want to be perceived as Europes leading Protestant. With no clear military successes for Dudley, he resigned his post in 1587 and returned to England. Here is a summary timeline of key events for students taking Early Elizabethan England (1558-88). Spanish invasion plans. The English also had better tactics that were more effective. English ships were went on many voyages of discovery and established valuable trade routes with India and the far east. -In 1558, Elizabeth the first became queen. Mary was spared. It had to deal with Irish . When Elizabeth came to the throne in 1558 her people were divided by religion. If Elizabeth made England a Protestant country, he could become a dangerous enemy. Elizabeth lived quietly at her . Before she came to the throne her mother Mary of Guise ruled Scotland while she remained in France married to the French prince Francis. This meant that Elizabeth was declared illegitimate as her claim to the throne comes through the marriage of Anne to Henry. In October 1586, Mary was found guilty of treason and sentenced to death. The aim was to rid France of heresy (Protestantism). . Elizabeth would receive a share of the privateers profits and as Englands financial situation was poor at the time, this proved to be an incredibly important source of income for the Queen. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 2nd explanation. However, there were other challenges facing Elizabeth. "The little Queen of Scots is the most perfect child that I have ever seen," King Henry II of France proclaimed soon after meeting his new charge (Mary of Guise had stayed in Scotland to rule . There were a number of factors that contributed to the English victory and Spanish defeat which included English strengths, Spanish weaknesses, as well as luck itself. In this sense, the colonisation of Virginia should be understood in relation to the wider conflict with Spain. One was debt. Boston Spa, As such, the Catholic community cited both religious and legal reasons why Elizabeth had no right to be Queen, which made her accession extremely problematic. Describe two features of Mary Queen of Scots' threat to Elizabeth I. Drake was the first English person to achieve this (and the second person in history at the time). Mary served as a permanent reminder at home and abroad that there was a legitimate Catholic heir to the throne and, with the Popes blessing, willing Catholic rebels could convince themselves they were doing Gods work. Naval support by the English proved to be more effective for the Dutch rebels and a fleet of English ships patrolled the Dutch coastline to prevent the Spanish from landing some of their forces by sea. Humiliatingly, Elizabeth had to confirm the loss of Calais, which had been an English possession since 1347. The raid on Cadiz proved to be a major setback for King Phillips plans to invade England and delayed the Armada by more than a year. They began to revolt against the Spanish. Elizabeth and James VI agreed to maintain Protestantism as their respective countries religion. Phillip was warned against this mission but believed he was on a mission from God. Pope, Head of Catholic church would excommunicate her. Many expected a decisive battle between Henry II and Philip II. The ships that did manage to make the journey back ran short of supplies, and many men died of starvation and disease. West Yorkshire, However this union was appalling because he was Catholic was married to the previous queen, and a foreigner. Henry believed that Elizabeth wanted France to go to war with Spain while England looked on and would benefit from the probable weakening of both. Anyone refusing to pay poor rates could be imprisoned and officials failing to organise poor relief could be fined. In Europe, the 1570s saw some of the worst atrocities of the protracted fall-out of the Reformation. Importantly too, Elizabeths fear of the Auld Alliance was heightened by the fact that the Catholic Mary, Queen of Scots, had declared herself the legitimate Queen of England (owing to the fact that she was Elizabeths second cousin and the granddaughter of Henry VIIIs sister Margaret) and she had the support of many English Catholics. Continue with Recommended Cookies. Spain did not control a deep water port where the Armada could anchor safely and this left them extremely vulnerable to an attack while it waited for Parmas troops to escape the Dutch blockade. To her credit, when Elizabeth died in 1603, the nation was only in debt to the tune of 350,000 - 123,000 more than in 1558, but spread over the duration of her reign, this represented just under 3,000 a year. Moreover, when Henry executed Anne Boleyn in 1536, Henry VIII himself declared Elizabeth illegitimate (although this situation was later reversed). Why was the threat of invasion Elizabeth's biggest problem in 1558? If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. Cleopatra, Queen Victoria and many more. When Elizabeth I came to the throne in 1558, she inherited a difficult financial situation and a debt of 227,000. In total, less than 10000 men and half the fleet made it back to Spain. John White (another leading colonist) sailed back to England to report on the problems being experienced.