Let's check, How Rich is Suze Orman in 2019-2020? At the advice of the $50,000 patron, Suze put the money in a trading account at Merrill Lynch while she waited to launch the business. Suze Orman Date of Birth . Create a Budget. The show was a success and earned Orman many awards. Suze Orman's Net Worth & Salary in 2023. Apply for a Mortgage. Well, if youre ready, lets start. Of course she could afford a carany car she wantedbut thats what happiness looked like to her. Could I invest the time to learn what my team members know? her work has been featured in The Wall Street Journal, Forbes, SUCCESS magazine, MONEY.com, The Dr. Oz Show, Fox News and ABC World News. If youre middle class, you listen to Dave Ramsey. If youre poor, you listen to Suze Orman. Suze Orman is active on social media such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram accounts. In 1987, she founded the Suze Orman Financial Group. You might think thats a recipe for lower ROI and more taxes, but for the right investor, its the opposite: he pays less in taxes and makes more money when he buys with borrowing. If Im not charging interest, how quickly would you pay me back. Suze Orman was born to a Jewish family on June 5, 1951, in Chicago. If you ask financial guru Suze Orman, however, she'd say many Americans are nowhere near being able to live the fun, relaxing part of the American Dream. in Social Work, from the University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign. She went to Merrill Lynch, unsure of what to do with such a significant sum of money, but she lost everything after taking a brokers terrible advice. Undoubtedly, Suze Orman has made it big and earned herself name and fame. But heres the thing: some people love The Millionaire Next Door. I realize Im not as smart as the members of my team in their specific domain. In 1999, Orman received the Motivational Book Award for her book The Courage to be Rich. By 2002, she received the lifetime achievement in Business Journalism by TJFR Group News Luminaries Award. Lately, his popularity is flying in the sky. Video Thanks to the economic downturn, the number of self-proclaimed financial experts has skyrocketed. After mastering formidable financial abilities, she established her own financial company, Suze Orman Financial Group, in California in 1987. ITS HARD TO ESCAPE Suze Orman these days. Patch flipped this story into PROVIDENCE, RI PATCH 19h. degree in social work from the University of Illinois. We welcome all corrections and feedback using the button below. Financial advisor Suze Orman offers documents for various financial purposes, but are they legal? According to court records, no funds were swiped that night. Suze Orman was born in 1951 in Chicago, Illinois, where she studied at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. She has gained wide recognition for her show The Suze Orman Show which was on air on CNBC from years 2002 to 2015. Required fields are marked *. The rich want as much money as they can get and want to pay back low interest loans as slowly as possible. This is because people are more likely to resist using money they don't have immediate access to. "I think moms are key to our country's financial future. The whole idea is that if you save, scrimp, and avoid spending during your life, you can die a millionaire. Trailblazer And Renowned Sports Surgeon J. Richard Steadman Dies At 85, Suze Ormans Business Is Here To Help You Build Your Emergency Fund, Higher Ed Group Apologizes For Suze Orman Keynote Urging Personal Responsibility, The Rich Dont Listen To Suze Orman And Dave Ramsey, Roger Love On How To Speak Like Suze Orman, Tony Robbins And Dr. Laura. In 2002, she appeared in a show called The Suze Orman Show where she performed the job of co-producer for an episode. How did these 10 experts, some of whom are among the 10 richest people on the planet, get to where they are now? Desperate and dejected, Suze decided to learn everything she could about what had happened and investments in general. She took all the money to a fraud broker in a company named Merrill Lynch and unknowingly got deceived. Suze Orman Birthday. Here's how to avoid sticker shock, How to build an emergency savings fund during an era of inflation, A quarter of Americans are expecting to delay their retirement due to rising consumer costs, according to a new study. The poor and middle class follow the herd and trust the sacred cows of financial advice: cut back, save money, trust the stock market, and try to live debt free. You may opt-out by. She'll be the host of a new show called The Money Class, and will appear in another show called Ask The Experts alongside Dr. Mehmet Oz and Dr. Phil McGraw. But that's not all there is she also owns some real estate valued at around $7 million, and has another $1 million invested in the market. Forbes names Edythe De Marco #1 female wealth advisor in RI for 2023. She has been married to Kathy Travis since September 2010. Opinions expressed by Forbes Contributors are their own. Suze Orman is a financial advisor, television personality, author, and motivational speaker who has a net worth of $75 million. A plug for charitable giving earns her huge amounts of free publicity. Third, it can show employees that the business cares about their financial well-being and is willing to invest in their future. In 1983 she became the vice president of investments at Prudential Bache Securities. Melissa Houston, CPA is the host of She Means Profit podcast and blog. Suze Orman is also the two times recipient of the Emmy Award and eight times Gracie Award. Witnessing her reaching atop the success ladder of finances, CNBC aired her show- The Suze Orman Show in 2002. If you want security in life, you need money. Personally, I dont want to be the millionaire next door. The rich act the way they doand achieve massive resultsin large part because they think differently than those who arent rich. To further support her mission of helping people, Orman co-founded a new business, SecureSave, alongside co-founders Devin Miller and Bassam Saliba. Suze Orman is a lesbian. I cover personal finance, taxes, retirement, nonprofits, scandals and other stuff. Robert views this word differently and doesnt hate debt. The author also writes a column for the magazine O. By Kathryn Underwood. Those who have deductions taken out of their pay check are significantly more likely to have emergency savings than those who don't. The stake is now worth $24 billion, well above Berkshire's cost of $1.3 billion. featuring Suze Orman as she will discuss the most pressing issues currently facing small business owners and answering their questions about how they can manage their personal and business finances. Register now: Invest in Pride: Ready. As of Jan 2023, Suze Ormans age is 71 years old. She has more than 4,638,653followers on her Facebook account, around 1.3 million followers on Twitter, and she has about 113.3K followers on her Instagram account as of 21 Jan 2023. Second, it can help to reduce absenteeism and presenteeism. She is 1.63 m tall. Precisely, her exact body measurement is 38-28-37 inches. alleging eight counts, including fraud and embezzlement. This is a BETA experience. - Malcolm S. Forbes. Its one thing to insist that we need to address systemic challenges and structural barriers when talking about economic circumstances. While the complaints immediately took off on social media, theres no way to tell how widely shared the concerns actually werewhether they were broadly shared or were the handiwork of a bullying few. Suze Orman. or help .. The banks will give him money he wants for investing. I write about business and personal finance for women entrepreneurs. What are the ag, height, and weight of Suze Orman? Suze has attended The University of Illinois and done her B. Dubbed the Queen of the Recession and the High Priestess of Finance, Orman serves as the trusted advisor to [], Bachelor of Arts / Science, University of Illinois at Urbana. At the time it was an undeveloped plot of land. She has gained wide recognition for her show 'The Suze Orman Show' which was on air on CNBC from years 2002 to 2015. Suze returned all the funds she borrowed for the restaurant to her investors. Suze Lynn Orman is a 71 years old American financial advisor, Podcast Host, motivational speaker, and author. (( Happy Birthday )). Where you get your financial advice from depends, a conversation I had with Robert Kiyosaki. After becoming a successful financial advisor of America, She got invited to many talk shows like The Oprah Winfrey Show and Larry King Live. A in social work in 1976 and she also holds a degree of doctorate of human letters. The weekly show ran for 8 years, airing 128 episodes through 2015. The high priestess of personal finance is moving to Oprah Winfrey's OWN network next year. Due to financial issues in her family, she had to quit her university studies, after which she moved to California, where she worked as a waitress at the Buttercup Bakery. According to Celebrity Net Worth, the former host of The Suze Orman Show is worth an estimated $75 million, thanks to savvy investments, her television work, book deals, public speaking fees and . The Nine Steps To . As one of the richest celebrities in the world, people are always wondering how much money Suze Orman has or makes. The problem? In 1987, she founded the Suze Orman Financial Group. Borrowing isnt the secret, creating cash flow is. . To further support her mission of helping people, Orman co-founded a new business, SecureSave, alongside co-founders Devin Miller and Bassam Saliba. Once you have that number, you'll need to answer two more questions to find your worth. Net Worth: $75 Million. She hosted the title The Suze Orman Show; On Forbes' 2010 list of the most powerful women in the world; Orman's opinion is to keep investment money and savings separately, which has made it . Too bad Orman didnt include a chapter on How to promote yourself without spending money on promotion. During fundraising drives PBS stations often air a video of Orman lecturing a Minneapolis audience. She also owns a 1,200 square-feet apartment in New Yorks Plaza Hotel. In 1987, Suze founded her own company, Suze Orman Financial Group, in California. Scintillating Team's main responsibility is to provide the latest and updated information regarding any celebrity to the user. Check out this video to learn the three questions you need to answer for financial security. Orman sued the assistant for more than $525,000 -- alleging eight counts, including fraud and embezzlement. Her financial expertise was such impactful that CNBC gave her the opportunity to host her own show The Suze Orman Show in 2002 for which she won the Gracie Award in 2006. She won a number of prominent awards from the show, including several Daytime Emmy awards. The bottom line is that having a secure emergency fund is essential to protect yourself from life's unexpected events while also providing the freedom and flexibility needed to pursue more significant investments or goals without worrying or fearing failure due to a lack of funds. Life looks a lot different when you have that kind of money. She's launching a new program, Money Minded Moms, next month. The court awarded Orman a mere $8,000 on one count -- the expense of rebuilding. Some vocal portion of the audience was outraged that Orman didnt wade into systemic barriers to wealth such as class, race or gender. (Oh, and Orman referred to the South Side of Chicago, where she grew up, as the hood and the ghetto. If those terms are to be memory-holed, though, someone really should tell all the equity-minded academics who frequently use them in their writing.) scintillatingstars aims to provide authentic knowledge to its viewers about the personalities and people trending in news all over the world. At 29, working as waitress, she shared her dreams of opening a restaurant with the diners she'd served for years. Suze Orman's income source is mostly from being a successful . If youre poor, you listen to Suze Orman. According to Trend Celebs Now, Suze Orman's estimated Net Worth, Salary, Income, Cars, Lifestyles & much more details has been updated below. He didnt say how much cash flow improved due to that refinance, but I can tell you: its a lot. Suze Orman has beenmarriedto Kathy Travis since 2010. Read more on patch.com. Much of my philosophy for life and finances came from wanting to do the opposite of what I read in Stanleys book. In 2013, Forbes magazine honored her spot in the top 10 most influential celebrities of 2013. The author released ten consecutive New York Times Best-Selling Books. Robert and I often hear the following objection from people: I cant invest because I dont have any money. Thats a poor and middle-class mindset. Required fields are marked *. Suze received an Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from the University of Illinois. Orman, who for decades has been a successful television personality peddling a combination of straight talk, encouragement, and basic financial know-how, delivered precisely what one might expect. She is American author, financial advisor, motivational speaker, television host, and podcast host. His girlfriend takes him to see a financial adviser, thinking she's the lesbian finance icon Suze Orman, but it's Suze Whoreman (played by me, of course). Anthony Pompliano Net Worth Phone Number, House Address, Wiki, Ashley Massengill Net Worth | Bio, Family, Address, Career, Atlas Monroe Net Worth | Age, Height, Weight, Dating And More, Beyonce S Net Worth Phone Number, House Address, Wiki, Blue Ivy Net Worth Phone Number, House Address, Wiki. Noah Nicholas Reid net worth, bio, Early, Vicky Krieps-Is Vicky Krieps married? Her show ran for ten years and it was one of the top ranked shows on CNBC. Your email address will not be published. Suze Orman: Early Life, Childhood, Education Shes made five appearances on Oprah Winfreys TV show, with more to come; shes had spots on network talk shows and the QVC shopping channel. Invest the same $10,000 at age 55 and it will be worth less than $18,000." As of 2023, Suze Ormans net worth and career earnings are valued at $75 million. In 2002, her program The Suze Orman Show started airing on CNBC. They also take one key action that sets them apart. A New York Times best-selling novelist is Suze Orman. She stands at a height of 5 feet 4 inches tall or 1.62 m or 162 cm. Suffice it to say that this 47-year-old Chicago native transplanted to California has become one of Americas top purveyors of financial advice. She is from IL. Effort and perseverance have assisted him to achieve success. I went from the millionaires club to almost nothing but a nice house & 2 great young adults .. so that is something actually. Ormans bio in 9 Steps says she heads her own financial planning firm, Suze Orman Financial Group of Emeryville, Calif. 15 2022, Published 10:34 a.m. To get here required a long and winding route. On Wednesday, financial advice guru Suze Orman delivered the keynote for the annual conference of NASPA: Student Affairs Administrators in Higher Education (yeah, the acronym doesnt match the namedont ask). She was twice named to the TIME 100 and ranked among the World's 100 Most Powerful Women by Forbes and one of the most powerful women in finance by Barron's. Age: 71 Place of Birth: Chicago, Illinois Category: She is the creator of the television show, Can I Afford It? Net Worth in $600 thousand Income Source Acting Real Name Ari. In 2015, he refinanced $300 million in loans from 5% down to 2.5%. But thats not how I want to invest my time. SEARCH FOR: Books Collection & Kits Audio/CDs As such, payroll deductions may be an effective way to help people build up their emergency savings. The court awarded Orman a mere $8,000 on one count the expense of rebuilding records. Suze Orman's net worth is impressive. So is the dream of early retirement (or even retiring before 70) dead? Orman's advice on seeking a financial planner boils down to just 5 words: Someone who doesnt sell products. Having been . What sort of worth does this popular Financial Advisor make? Having been . Her own television show, The Suze Orman Show, ran on CNBC from 2002 to 2015 and was one of the network's top-ranked shows. Its one thing to insist that we need to address systemic challenges and structural barriers when talking about economic circumstances. Her show started in the year 2003 on CNBC. You know, these higher education professionals might want to think about this a bit. Suze Orman was born on 5 June 1951 in Chicago, Illinois, USA. Orman was recently criticized for [+] her keynote address at a virtual NASPA conference. Thats another obstacle to team building: people are intimidated by others who are smarter than them. She also just renewed a two-year contract with CNBC for her eponymous show. Suze Orman, a #1 New York Times bestselling author, magazine and online columnist, writer/producer, and one of the top motivational speakers in the world today, has been reminding women for years about the importance of building your emergency fund. In the year 1982, Suze Orman has lent $50,000 to pursue her dream of opening a restaurant of her own. Suze Orman Says You Should Put at Least This Much Down on a Home Yahoo Daily News 2023-02-27, 19:53 If I'd invested $1,000 in Berkshire Hathaway shares 25 years ago, here's how much I'd . . In 2009 she would receive an honorary degree of doctor of humane letters, from the university. This business aims to help individuals and businesses build up their emergency funds so they are prepared for any financial crisis that may come their way. var _Hasync=_Hasync||[];_Hasync.push(['Histats.start','1,4553220,4,511,95,18,00000000']);_Hasync.push(['Histats.fasi','1']);_Hasync.push(['Histats.track_hits','']);(function(){var hs=document.createElement('script');hs.type='text/javascript';hs.async=true;hs.src=('//s10.histats.com/js15_as.js');(document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0]||document.getElementsByTagName('body')[0]).appendChild(hs);})(); Suze Orman is a famous person who is known worldwide for his work. She trained herself for a couple of years, and then in 1983, she switched to Prudential Bache Securities as a vice- president. What is the profession of Suze Orman? Have a look below: Observing her body physics, Suze has an average body structure with a decent height of 5 feet 4 inches (1.62 m) and a weight of 60 kg matching her body. She'll be the host of a new show called The Money Class, and will appear in another show called Ask The Experts alongside Dr. Mehmet Oz and Dr. Phil McGraw. Her television shows and appearances in fame driven shows like Oprah Winfrey Show and Paulas Party. Suze Orman published her first book Youve Earned It, Dont Lose It, which sold around 70,000 copies. She appeared at the Oprah Winfrey Show in 2008 and gave away copies of Women and Money; her book which recorded nearly two million downloads. She has been called a force in the world of personal finance and a one-woman financial advice powerhouse by USA Today. Imagine a celebrity chef who has given herself food. She made her television debut on Americas Money Class with Suze on the Oprah Winfrey Network in 2011 and was later featured on Oprahs Allstars. She is well-known for her famous show on CNBC, 'The Suze Orman Show'. According to Wikipedia, Forbes, IMDb & Various Online resources, famous TV Show Host Suze Orman's net worth is $1-5 Million at the age of 68 years old. Its sold millions of copies and is on every list when you Google best personal finance books. Despite its acclaim, I had a visceral reaction the first time I read it. Either way, within hours of Ormans remarks, NASPAs leadership blasted out a cringing official apology, begging forgiveness for having missed the mark by inviting a speaker who made comments "offensive to your lived experiences and to our NASPA values. 2023 Celebrity Net Worth / All Rights Reserved. At the time, similar units with views of Central Park were selling for roughly double the amount. Sign up for free newsletters and get more CNBC delivered to your inbox. The thought of handing the money Id worked my entire life to earn over to my children or grandchildrenwhod likely blow it because they didnt work hard to earn itsounded like a recipe for a life of misery. She has earned all this through being a financial advisor for Merrill Lynch, the Prudential Bache Securities vice president, Suze Orman Financial Group founder and much more. She earned the money being a professional TV Show Host. She was later seen in Oprahs Allstars in 2011 and also premiered on a TV series under Oprah Winfrey Network, Americas Money Class with Suze Orman. Suze Orman birth sign is Cancer. Opinions expressed by Forbes Contributors are their own. The podcast host recommends that anybody who is worried about their net worth should start by looking into how much money they need to maintain their lifestyle every month. Nice information about her. I write about wealth-building and personal finance for entrepreneurs. If Im willing to lend you money at 0% interest, how much would you take? Her parents were Russian-Jewish immigrants. The podcast host recommends that anybody who is worried about their net worth should start by looking into. She has received eight Gracie Awards, which recognize the nation's best radio, television and cable programming by, for and about women. Suze Orman was born in Chicago, Illinois on June 5, 1951. Suze Orman is a financial guru and has authored 10 consecutive New York Times best-selling books. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Having an emergency fund can make all the difference during difficult times. Orman sighs. 1 . Net, Jan Smithers-How old is Jan Smithers? First, it can help to improve employee morale and motivation. Jim Cramer Or Suze Orman, What Kind Of Investor Are You? The financial advisor, TV personality, author and also a motivational speaker has a net worth of $35 million as of 2023. THE SUZE ORMAN SUCCESS STORY. Suze Orman Social Network You may also like Suze Orman is an American financial expert, author, TV host, and motivational speaker. Its also a flourish of bold colors, bright pinks and blues, []. Global Business and Financial News, Stock Quotes, and Market Data and Analysis. She is one of Americas top financial experts as a result. Get this delivered to your inbox, and more info about our products and services. I Think Suzy is the best .. and Im a man!! Due to financial difficulties in her family, she was forced to leave school, so she moved to California and started working as a waitress at the Buttercup Bakery. The opinions expressed in this article are not intended to replace any professional or expert accounting and/or tax advice whatsoever. Estimated Net Worth in 2021. On this episode of The Forbes Interview, Suze Orman takes us through her days of living out of her car in Berkeley, to waitressing at the Buttercup Caf to becoming a top-selling broker at Merrill Lynch. During a conversation I had with Robert Kiyosaki, author of Rich Dad, Poor Dad (a book that I loved), he told me about a woman he knew from Hawaii who had $6 million in savings and rode a bicycle everywhere she went! Suze Orman date of birth is June 05, 1951 . The author of eight financial tomes, seven of which have been consecutive New York Times bestsellers, is now directing her message to mothers. The key is to know thyself. She actually is a manufacturer and celebrity, known for Suze Orman: The Courage to become Full (1999), My Man Is certainly a Loser . If you feel the same way, it starts with your thinking. Suze Orman didn't take her own advice, at least when it came to her health. No, You Don't Have To Work Until 70; Why Suze Orman Is Wrong About Early Retirement, How To Become A Better Speaker Like Steve Jobs, Suze Orman, Dave Ramsey And Tony Robbins, PODCAST: How Suze Orman Went From Waitress To Personal Finance Wizard, Celebrity Real Estate: Elizabeth Hasselbeck, Tyra Banks, Suze Orman Selling Homes, Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information, Limit the Use of My Sensitive Personal Information. Sure. Where you get your financial advice from depends on who you are. Her mother is from Romania and works as a local religious official; her father is from Russia and works in a poultry factory. SIGN UP: Money 101 is an 8-week learning course to financial freedom, delivered weekly to your inbox. . Forbes magazine named her one of the top ten most influential celebrities of 2013. Over the years Suze has contributed to countless media outlets. That didnt set well with me. So they can enjoy all the information. Concerning the commissions, Legally, my assistant was correct,. If you want to celebrate Suze Orman birthday then you can celebrate in June 05. Orman worked as an account executive at Merrill Lynch where she gained knowledge of numerous investment kinds after losing her whole investment in options trading. A broker at Merrill convinced Suze to invest the money in a high-risk options account. All of her work was acclaimed as a bestseller. Maybe you know about Suze Orman very well But do you know how old and tall is she, and what is her net worth in 2023? She ran her own business for a number of years while penning her first booklet, The Facts about Single Premium Whole Life.. Its quite another to insist that anything else is verboten. But neither she nor the firm has done any paid financial planning work in years. In 2007, she and her program won the AWRT Gracie Allen Award for Outstanding Talk Show. Orman promoted herself as much as she did Channel 15, groused the TVcritic for a San Diego newspaper. I like listening to you on the TV. Thanks and you have a great B day. She has written columns for numerous journals and websites. A New York Times best-selling novelist is Suze Orman. They learn to be better investors and have a team so they can do what they do best. Part of the American ethos is pulling yourself up by your bootstraps and theres certainly merit to that, but individual grit shouldnt stop people from surrounding themselves with others who are smarter than them. There are many different paths to successful investing. ! Suze Orman also created CD-ROM based services, which covers education and many financial services, such as, "Will and Trust Kit," "Protection Portfolio," "Identity Theft Kit," and more. What is the net worth of Suze Orman? I wanted people who were wealthy and spent all their time around other people who were wealthy. How much is Ari Shaffirs net worth in ? Suze Orman: Net Worth. A member of my team understands liability insurance better than anyone Ive ever met. Suze Orman is an American financial advisor, television host, author, and motivational speaker. Schools aren't equipped to educate children about financial matters so we need to rely on mothers to do that job.". Orman owns a Condo in the town of Hillsboro Beach in Florida, which was purchased by her in 2004 for $945000. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. 9h ago. . But the rich think differently. The entrepreneur created her net worth from TV Shows, Books, and companies. Besides books and other royalties, Ormans earned income has come mainly from selling insurance which gets much more attention in her book than do stocks or bonds. Where is the birthplace of Suze Orman? In 1976, Orman received a B.A. She later . The rich know theyre in the wrong room if theyre the smartest person there. In 2018, Forbes estimated his net worth at US$450 million. She is a force in the personal finance industry and a one-woman financial advisory powerhouse, claims USA Today. In 2002, business journalism received the TJFR Group News Luminaries Award for lifetime achievement. Suze Orman got her $40 million net worth from Merrill Lynch, Prudential Bache Securities, and her own Financial Group as of June 2022. her broadcast appearances and guest spots on celebrity-focused programs including Paulas Party and The Oprah Winfrey Show. Also on my team is an estate planning and corporate structuring attorney who looks after my asset protection trust, a registered investment advisor that helps me research and analyze deals, and a cash flow specialist who makes sure I look great to banks. Net Worth,, Alex Wolff-What religion is Alex Wolff? Data is a real-time snapshot *Data is delayed at least 15 minutes. Its appropriate to note that systemic issues can and must be part of any conversation on compensation and opportunity. Suze Orman: Houses Bahamas House 'You. Travel. She has made several campaign donations in the past, including her support for Hillary Clinton. The net worth is $40 million. Suze Orman's Conquering Your Financial Fears Online Course The Ultimate Retirement Guide for 50+ 9 Steps to Financial Independence Online Course Suze Orman is a #1 New York Times Bestselling author on Personal Finance, with over 25 million books in circulation, available in 12 languages worldwide. Its Not Going To Win. Orman stated that her net worth is more than ten million USD. Now Their Lawsuit Is Moving Forward, Columbia University, William & Mary Will Use Test-Optional Admissions Indefinitely, 5 Tips For Writing A Personal Statement For Medical School, The Most Exciting News In Education Isnt Found In The Headlines. The judge actually allowed the assistant to keep all $6,200 of disputed commissions because she, not Orman, was the agent of record. Suze Orman has a net worth of $40 million as of November 2022, which she earned from Merrill Lynch, Prudential Bache Securities, and her own Financial Group. In addition, she is known for her numerous books in which she has covered different financial topics.