Trade Minister Ann Linde led a business team last week and faced criticism for wearing a headscarf, or hijab. Women in the Swedish government "should have condemned an equally unfair situation in Iran," Ms Alinejad posted to My Stealthy Freedom, a popular Facebook page she runs that encourages Iranian women to post pictures of themselves without the hijab. The women of the Dagestan village of Kubachi still wear white kaz shawls embroidered with gold thread. Muslim women were the most common group we saw dressing modestly and wearing headscarves, or hijabs. "They must stand for their own values.". Trade Minister Ann Linde led a business delegation last week, Sweden has declared itself the world's first feminist government, EU foreign affairs chief Federica Mogherini also wore a headscarf during a visit to Tehran in April last year, Ann Linde signs documents with Iran's vice-president for women and family affairs, Shahindokht Molaverdi, Michelle Obama was in Saudi Arabia in January 2015, Harry: I always felt different to rest of family, Street fighting in Bakhmut but Russia not in control, Everything Everywhere wins big ahead of Oscars, US-made cheese can be called 'gruyere' - court, Mbappe breaks PSG goal record in win over Nantes, Alex Murdaugh's legal troubles are far from over, PM to end asylum claims from small boat arrivals. 2008). Women used to wear headscarves differently in different parts of Russia. The lace, which resembles the patterns made by frost crystals on a window, looks both elegant and unique. The FSIN operates as a unique state within a state with no supervision mechanisms, but with a separate health care service, transportation system, education system, a unique system of trading in goods characterised by widespread corruption, and the primacy of informal rules and hierarchies over formal ones. A head tie is a west and southern African women's head scarf, specifically an elaborate ornamental head covering. In most prisons, informal rules prevail over the official code of conduct. In strict regime and special regime penal colonies, the inmates face more restrictions, they are housed in locked cells usually with 20-50 other prisoners. This website uses cookies. In contemporary Russia, political trials are among the basic tools the government uses to tackle political opposition. A headscarf on the woman's head symbolises diligence. What is a cocktail with vodka and cranberry juice called? Among the most alarming statistics regarding the Russian prison system is the high rate of recidivism. This intention is long gone, by the headscarf is still here. , Carnegie.ru, 20 November 2018, https://carnegie.ru/commentary/77743, [32] According to the report by Amnesty International, the level of social control and the transparency of the prison system has recently decreased, https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/europe-and-central-asia/russian-federation/report-russian-federation/. Between the beginning of 2017 and September 2018, Navalny spent a total of 140 days in remand centres and penal colonies for organising protests and taking part in them. Headscarves have remained a staple because of their versatility and cultural longevity. Eleven of the 43 women's prisons in the Russian Federation allow inmates to have children under age three to live on the prison grounds, and women in the other prisons who become pregnant are . Machine knitting makes a scarf less refined. Since the 18th century, the skilled craftsmen here have made expensive embroidery that has adorned national costumes, military ceremonial uniforms and church vestments. However, due to the fact that the figures many countries quote regarding the number of their prisoners are often hard to verify, this ratio should be treated as an approximation. Head coverings were first written into law around 13th Century BC, in an ancient Assyrian text that mandated that women, daughters and widows cover their heads as a sign of piety. The openwork silk scarf worn by Ossetian women is called a tsyllaye kayelmayerzayen. Russian shawls and headscarves known for its old traditions and finest elegance all over the world. This code sets the rules of prison life, including the standards of addressing guards and fellow prisoners, the rules regarding tattoos, and other detailed requirements, such as the ban on using the colour red in prison. By the time I was old enough to remember, she never took them out except to garden. OVD-Info and Memorial, for their part, are two major organisations that gather and expose information on political prisoners, arrests and protests. 1.. Previously, this was how married women wore their headscarves to indicate their marital status. In the 1970s, the Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo, a group of Argentine women advocating for information about their disappeared children, began wearing white headscarves tied under the chin, known. This website uses cookies. Sergei Medvedev/TASS. Textile & Fabrics. Another manifestation of the unique nature of the Russian prison system is the presence of its informal code of behaviours and customs. Prisoners can be restricted from wearing their own clothes by the prison based on the prison order or occupational safety. As far as the reasons for imprisonment are concerned, the largest group of prisoners are criminal prisoners, most of whom were convicted for murder (27.8% of inmates). Administration of the prison system and supervision of the thousands of inmates is the task of the Federal Penitentiary Service (FSIN) which employs 325,000 individuals[19]. ?, https://meduza.io/feature/2018/12/14/vizhu-novosti-pro-istoricheskiy-minimum-zaklyuchennyh-v-rossii-eto-iz-za-zakona-den-za-poltora-kolonii-massovo-zakryvayut, [3] . , , www.kipkr.fsin.su/upload/territory/Kipkr/mtb/ .pdfa, [5] Cf . , . , . , , , 15 March 2017, https://www.rbc.ru/newspaper/2017/03/15/58c702399a79473b36f47d9c, [6] . In Russia, there are four types of penal colonies each with a different regime. Headscarves were forbidden to women of the lower classes and prostitutes. These days, a headpiece like this will go well with a pin-up and a sport-chic look while protecting the wearer's head from the bright sun outdoors. The absence of supervision of what happens in prisons by independent institutions aggravates the repressive nature of the system as a whole and affords new opportunities for using it as a tool of political repression, https://www.rbc.ru/newspaper/2017/03/15/58c702399a79473b36f47d9c, http://www.cdep.ru/index.php?id=79&item=2074, http://antipytki.ru/2018/07/10/fsin-zloupotreblyaet-pravom-raspredeleniya-zaklyuchennyh-no-gotov-vstat-na-put-ispravleniya/, https://ria.ru/society/20170220/1488383898.html, https://rns.online/economy/FSIN-otsenil-godovie-dohodi-ot-proizvodstva-v-tyurmah-v-50-mlrd-rublei--2016-10-18/, Memorial Publishes Lists of Political Prisoners in Russia, https://www.novayagazeta.ru/articles/2015/05/12/64098-s-chego-nachinaetsya-bunt, https://csr.ru/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/20171017_Report-Prisons.pdf, https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/europe-and-central-asia/russian-federation/report-russian-federation/, https://www.gazeta.ru/social/news/2018/08/20/n_11927161.shtml, Putins address: an attempt to unite Russians and blackmail the West, Putins neo-totalitarian project: the current political situation in Russia, Russia is massing forces for a new offensive. The price of this type of scarf starts out at around 20,000 rubles ($270). There are no local laws that prescribe headscarves and, as far as . 2023 BBC. Around 2540% of prisoners perform paid work while serving their sentence[24]. These press leaks confirm that a game is underway for control of this major component of the law enforcement system and that attempts are being made to curb and rationalise the FSINs spending. Most recent amendments to the penal code have toughened the penalties[4]. , , 9 August 2018, https://meduza.io/feature/2018/08/09/vse-soobscheniya-o-pytkah-etogo-goda-v-odnoy-tablitse-ih-uzhe-bolshe-polusotni, [15] : , , 12 , , 24 October 2018, https://grani-ru-org.appspot.com/Society/Law/m.273470.html, [16] 168 168 , , 12 October 2018, https://www.interfax.ru/russia/633116, [17] . , , , 12 May 2015, https://www.novayagazeta.ru/articles/2015/05/12/64098-s-chego-nachinaetsya-bunt, [18] -6 , Zona Media, 7-11 October 2018, https://zona.media/chronicle/ik6#21125. Do you know Boris Kustodiev's painting "The Merchant's Wife at Tea? For around two years, Russian media has reported on the prospective reform of the FSIN, involving a change in its leadership and even the transfer of the service from the Ministry of Justice to the Ministry of the Interior (until 1998 the prison system was supervised by the interior ministry). There are regions in the Republic of Mordovia, the Komi Republic and Chuvashia, where work performed by prisoners and individuals employed by the FSIN accounts for a major portion of the local labour market, Prior to the court pronouncing their sentence, the suspects are held in remand centres. Swedish Prime Minister Stefan Lofven was also in Iran and said he raised human rights issues with Iranian President Hassan Rouhani. Figures compiled by the Investigative Committee for 2015 show that acquittals accounted for a mere 0.4% of court rulings. Imprisonment as a tool of political repression. The process of making such a scarf is highly labor intensive, so they remain very expensive, costing 20-50,000 rubles ($270-$700). Headscarves worn that way also protected the neck from the wind. Several countries, including France, Germany and Austria, have limited women from wearing full-face coverings such as the niqab and burka in public spaces. Putting names to archive photos, The children left behind in Cuba's mass exodus, In photos: India's disappearing single-screen cinemas. Share. cit. Disclaimer: RussianBest.com is an informational website, and its content does not constitute professional advice of any kind. It has also been caused by demographic changes in Russian society: depopulation and an ageing population . Due to overcrowding, in most colonies the required standard of two square meters of space per inmate, which is stipulated in Russian law, is usually not met. The decrease in the number of inmates has mainly been linked to the fact that the courts pronounce prison sentences for minor crimes less frequently and tend to apply other penalties (such as non-custodial sentences or community service). During the Russian Revolution and Civil War, a simple red or scarlet headscarf was worn by female commissars and other women who identified with . Organisations involved in defending prisoners rights and criticising the actions of the states law enforcement agencies operate under constant pressure and are aware that they may become subject to inspections and repressions at any time (this is why Olga Romanova, the leader of Rus Sidyashchaya, had to leave the country). In recent years, the most well-known political trials were those of Alexei Navalny. Only when a woman wears a headscarf can she pray properly. This is why the fate of the accused is decided by prosecutors during their investigations. The conditions in which the inmates serve their sentences in penal colonies are also impacted by the poor state of infrastructure that the FSIN has at its disposal. "It embodied putting a good face forward and remaining appropriate despite being in the midst of war.". Political systems, geography and ethnicity also play a crucial role in how and if women choose to cover their heads. "In Saudi Arabia, for example covering was common for women before Islam," said Faegheh Shirazi, author of "The Veil Unveiled: The Hijab in Modern Culture." "Because if you are feminists and you care about equality then you should challenge inequality everywhere," she told the BBC. The absence of supervision of what happens in prisons by independent institutions aggravates the repressive nature of the system as a whole and affords new opportunities for using it as a tool of political repression[32]. Their operation (similarly to the operation of organisations of soldiers mothers who protested against the war in Chechnya and against bullying in the military) confirms the theory that Russian society is able to demonstrate its capability for self-organisation, when facing a threat. Disclaimers. Along with very old tradition "a self-respecting woman . ?, 10 July 2018, http://antipytki.ru/2018/07/10/fsin-zloupotreblyaet-pravom-raspredeleniya-zaklyuchennyh-no-gotov-vstat-na-put-ispravleniya/, [11] A. Bobrik, K. Danishevski, K. Eroshina, M. McKee, Prison Health in Russia: The Larger Picture, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7834446_Prison_Health_in_Russia_The_Larger_Picture, [12] 9,6% 2016 , , 20 February 2017, https://ria.ru/society/20170220/1488383898.html, [13] . , . . Orenburg goats are only bred in this region, and nowadays shawls from their wool are produced by just two manufacturing plants. This makes the FSIN a unique state within a state. Get the week's best stories straight to your inbox. Those girls whose jewellery sounded quietly were of mild nature and they got married first," Isaeva said. Recent years have seen a significant increase in the number of political prisoners, which was mainly connected with the annexation of Crimea and the Russian-Ukrainian war a large number of Crimean Tatars and Ukrainians accused of extremism have recently been incarcerated in remand centres and penal colonies on political charges. Andrey Stenin/Sputnik. 1. Data compiled by the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, http://www.cdep.ru/index.php?id=79&item=2074, [9] ., , , 8 August 2017, https://vturme.info/kak-nachal-rabotat-dolgozhdannyj-zakon-den-za-poltora/, [10] . , . - , , 13 February 2017, https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/3218170, [7] . , : , , 12 February 2014, http://www.finmarket.ru/life/txt.asp?id=3627907, [8] . , : 5 , https://pravoirk.ru/archives/5900. The way they sounded determined the nature of their owner. Here, the scarf is put over the head, while its ends are not tied in a knot but are simply crossed and thrown back to fix the headdress. As far as the conditions of imprisonment are concerned, the time the suspect spends in the remand centre is often considered the harshest (a system was recently introduced according to which one day spent in a remand centre counts as one and a half days spent in the facility in which the prisoner serves their actual sentence[9]). Read about our approach to external linking. But a great variety of scarves were produced in Russia as well. Even though some proponents of the hijab ban have been described as supporters of the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), women with favorable attitudes toward India's ruling party are actually more inclined to wear head coverings in public than women who do not favor the governing party. In addition to offering protection against the cold and the sun, they are still worn as elegant accessories that are appropriate for just about any occasion. Low salaries are also the result of the colonys supervisors setting inflated targets regarding prisoners work, which enables them to reduce the amounts of remuneration paid out to inmates. The name of this Moscow prison has an . While an ordinary kaz scarf has a fringe sewn on at one end, the wedding scarf has fringes on both ends. The Republic of Mordovia is a special case, because it hosts a large number of penal colonies within a relatively small territory. It is customary for the women of Kubachi to pass fringes down through the family and to resew fringes to new shawls multiple times. However, we soon . How many people died and were injured in the Russian Revolution? A head wear was a symbol of integrity. When asked about the possible reform of the FSIN in connection with the reports on prisoners being tortured, he answered that it would be necessary to make the prison system more efficient but that no thorough changes are needed. (for example, people persecuted following the protests in Bolotnaya Square in Moscow in 2011 and 2012), as well as lawyers and journalists. Madame Denise Poiret, wife of French fashion Designer Paul Poiret. Question by : Why do babushka's ensure women wear scarfs on their heads? Russian women (and many others) sometimes wear headscarves to protect long hair during travelling or dirty work. In 2016, this stood at around 50 billion roubles[22] (over US$ 800,000). Romanova has reported on situations whereby these criminals permanently occupied special rooms intended for longer visits and were issued bogus health certificates confirming their disability, in order to be transferred to an upgraded cell or a prison hospital. "There's a reason why the (head)scarf has transcended time," said Lynn Roberts, vice president of advertising and public relations at fashion outfitter Echo Design Group, over the phone from New York City. Prisoners are given prison uniforms upon arrival to the prison; they may wear their own clothes instead, provided that the prisoner maintains the clothes themselves. A scarf, plural scarves, is a piece of fabric worn around the neck for warmth, sun protection, cleanliness, fashion, or religious reasons. The present number of inmates in Russias prisons is among the lowest in the countrys history and has been gradually declining over recent years. Why can Russia not admit that the real reason for invading Ukraine is to prevent revolution in Russia when a flourishing westernized modern democratic ukrainian government proves that Russian Putlerocracy is a complete failure? Shawls from goat down knitted in Orenburg are regarded as one Russias most famous symbols, right along with Matryoshka dolls and the balalaika. Down Shawls. Do you know this baby? The importance of this individual is confirmed by the fact that in August 2018 the process of electing the new thief in law no. This extended system is used as a tool for exercising control over society and solidifying the system of power. All this enables FSIN officials to sell a portion of the manufactured goods in the grey market. Foreign women are not required to wear a headscarf in the country, unlike in Iran. Actress Elizabeth Taylor considered the headscarf a key piece for a woman's wardrobe. A prominent Iranian women's rights activist and Swedish politicians have criticised the decision. Aside from the federal budget subsidy, the FSIN receives revenue generated by manufacturing plants operating in penal colonies. Its primary purpose at that period was to protect sheep herds against predators such as wolves, coyotes, and bears. Here are the most famous ones. A Greek Orthodox Christian woman attends Friday mass service in the West Bank town of Ramallah, Palestine, wearing a lace veil. When asked about the possible reform of the FSIN in connection with the reports on prisoners being tortured, he answered that it would be necessary to make the prison system more efficient but that no thorough changes are needed. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. Most Russian penal colonies and prisons were built back in Stalinist times. I ask because I read of this practice a few weeks ago, is there a deeper or older meaning than protection from cold? The headscarf was born out of necessity, with wearers across Mesopotamian societies using linens to safeguard their heads from the rain and sun, as well as aid in sanitation. The most well-known example of this was the statement by Vladimir Putin in which he justified the Russian air raids on Grozny, which marked the beginning of the war in Chechnya in 1999, using words derived from criminal slang he said that he will waste the terrorists in the outhouse. Moreover, neither the convicts nor their families know the trains destination. The headscarf has been declared a deprecatory garment, and so every woman wearing a headscarf has been deemed an oppressed housewife living in a parallel society. German boxer Zeina Nassar has fought to wear the hijab in the ring. Fine Lace Shawls. [20] . , , https://csr.ru/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/20171017_Report-Prisons.pdf, p. 22. According to the law, work is compulsory for most prisoners but the number of jobs available is insufficient. As early as the 1910s French fashion houses were dreaming up designs that included colorful, embellished scarves on the head. World War II saw the return of the utilitarian headscarf, as women in the UK and US took up jobs in factories as men went off to fight. The same applies to the so-called transfer stage, or the time during which the convict is being transported to their penal colony (in Russian: etap). Most recent amendments to the penal code have toughened the penalties[4]. In ordinary regime penal colonies, the supervision by the guards is much stricter, the inmates are housed in large barracks with up to 150 beds in each, are under constant supervision and cannot move around the facility freely. He offered bribes to prison guards, which enabled him to use rooms intended for staff only, order caviar to his cell, made shashliks and used private health care, Most Russian penal colonies and prisons were built back in Stalinist times. Brides often adorn a modern wedding dress with a traditional wedding scarf, which is called a lumkitab-kaz and has a different fringe. She said that since the only other option would be to send an all-male delegation, she was required to wear a headscarf. From rainbow to gray: The evolution of hair dye, "There is this underlying idea of having your head covered as a way of symbolizing being a respectable person," said fashion and textile historian Nancy Deihl of New York University in a phone interview. Large-scale human rights violations in prisons and the absence of effective mechanisms in state institutions to counteract this phenomenon have become a catalyst for Russian societys self-organisation. and tuberculosis. Sweden says it has the world's first "feminist government". Performing work while serving ones sentence is one of the main criteria for an early release from prison. Experts say prisoners can face discipline if they don't button their uniforms to the neck and wear headscarves at all times. A social movement and a number of non-governmental organisations have formed around the issue of defence of prisoners rights. Over 467 000 individuals are incarcerated in Russias prisons. The paisley print bandana, long associated with urban gangs and cowboy culture, received a softer update with chart-toppers including Aaliyah, Jennifer Lopez and Destiny's Child sporting embellished versions in music videos and on red carpets. Fashion houses including Louis Vuitton and Jacquemus have debuted head coverings with modern takes on classic patterns. According to data compiled by the FSIN, up to a third of deaths in prisons are caused by AIDS. Shawls from goat down knitted in Orenburg are . Due to the absence of a major overhaul of the prison service, whose institutions and code of conduct date back to the time of the Soviet Gulag, the prison system is an excellent example of pathologies that are also present in other elements of the Russian state apparatus. For representatives of certain social groups, serving a sentence in prison forms part of a typical life history amongst males, a stage in life comparable to military service. Read about our approach to external linking. Failure to meet production targets often results in restrictions on visits, compulsory physical exercise and, most importantly, a refusal to be granted early release from prison. Muslim women athletes and women's rights activists. "For a man ought not to cover his head, since he is the image and glory of God, but woman is the glory of man.". In Islam, the Quran's verses about modesty have been interpreted in different ways, with some regarding head covering as obligatory and others as a choice. Your email address will not be published. A similar proportion of prisoners are serving their sentences for drug dealing (25%), The Russian penitentiary system is organised in a different manner to corresponding penal systems in most countries: instead of cells in prisons the inmates are housed in barracks in penal colonies. As a consequence, in Russia the proportion of the number of prison system employees to the number of inmates is 2.3 times higher than the corresponding figure recorded for the USA[20]. In the past, Turkish silk scarves and European lace shawls were especially desirable presents for both young girls and older women. The employees of. Here are the most famous ones. Corruption is widespread in the prison system, which makes the conditions for serving a prison sentence dependent on the inmates financial status. In 1786, Louisiana legislators enacted the Tignon Laws, requiring Black and mixed-race women to wrap their heads in cloth. Female Orthodox believers in Russia don these garments when they attend church services to demonstrate their commitment to the Russian Orthodox faith. It must also have an edging ribbon. According to data compiled by the FSIN, up to a third of deaths in prisons are caused by AIDS. It is extremely difficult to quote any estimates regarding prison mortality rate. Famous convicts: Emelyan Pugachev, Felix Dzerzhinsky, Osip Mandelshtam, Alexander Solzhenitsyn. Of course, the most beautiful shawls are the ones made by hand with added silk. The versatile fabric has been chosen by and impressed upon people for political, religious and practical purposes for centuries. The Swedish government says that "equality between women and men is a fundamental aim of Swedish foreign policy". The Russian governments determination as regards this issue is linked to the fact that show trials of Ukrainian activists are intended to deter the residents of Crimea from demonstrating their loyalty towards Ukraine. , Life.ru, 10 July 2017, https://life.ru/t/%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C%D0%B5/1024540/smiert_za_rieshiotkoi_ot_chiegho_umiraiut_rossiiskiie_zeki, [14] 2018 . In total, there are 869 such colonies of various regimes scattered across Russia, eight prisons and 315 remand centres. Where do Russian women get their exotic look. In recent years, the most appalling cases reported by the media included the torture of Yevgeny Makarov in penal colony no. What science tells us about the afterlife. In most prisons, the state of repair and the overcrowding make it difficult for the inmates to maintain basic hygiene.
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