The mixtures present better mechanical properties and … Oyster Shell is a feed grade calcium carbonate for layers, breeders, turkeys, chicks, swine and cattle. Spectroscopic and Chemical Evaluation of Oriental medicine (Oyster shell Pearl and Coral). (1992) CMFRI publication 23. Rate of growth in spat and yearlings of the Indian backwater oyster. Total Carbon and Sulphur were detected at the Sophisticated Testing and Instrumentation Center (STIC) of the Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin using the Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Sulfur (CHNS) analysis based on the Pregl-Dumas method. Zhong et al., 2012[22], studied the effects of different addition amounts of oyster shell powder to ordinary Portland cement and methods of grinding on the strength and stability of cement mortar. Inter state form of sales tax income tax? Who is the longest reigning WWE Champion of all time? What are the disadvantages of primary group? Oyster shells are a waste product from mariculture that presents a major disposal problem in coastal regions such as south east Korea. @article{Matter1969TheCO, title={The composition of fossil oyster shell proteins. Oyster Shell is an excellent source of calcium recommended for inclusion in feed rations for optimum eggshell quality. In addition to the above four, Bombay Oyster, Saccostrea cucullata, and giant oyster Hyotissa hyotis are found in India. the composition of fossil oyster shell proteins Philip Matter III , Franklin D. Davidson , Ralph W. G. Wyckoff Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Nov 1969, 64 (3) 970-972; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.64.3.970 The utilization of oyster shell relates to the chemical constituents which contribute more than 90% of the shell. The Indian edible oyster. (2004) Daya Publishing House 53-54. Two batches of oyster shell powder (1 mm), supplied by Primar Organica ®, were analyzed. Taxonomy of Indian Oysters. Shape, Size and Colour 4. In Crassostrea madrasensis, these elements have been identified as Calcium and Carbon (Li) have been quantified as contributing on an average 91.36% by weight of the shell in this study. The concentration of chemicals as per the test results are given in Table 1. Scaphopoda, Pelecypoda and Cephalopoda. This research intends to study the cementing potential of pulverized oyster shell, rich in calcium, when mixed with fly ash and soil. Note on an attempt to ascertain the principal determining factor in oyster spawning in Madras presidency. Calcium and sodium were detected using Flame Photometry and strontium and magnesium using Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectroscopy (ICP). records on the taxonomy of Indian oysters is by Hornell (1910) [2]. They colonize not only rocky or concrete surfaces but also hard muddy bottom where they thrive well. the composition of fossil oyster shell proteins * Philip Matter III , Franklin D. Davidson , and Ralph W. G. Wyckoff DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA, TUCSON Three samples each containing 10 g shell powder was packed in tear bags. Does pumpkin pie need to be refrigerated? They also found that strength of cementing materials added with oyster shell powder obtained with wet ball grinding is higher than that afforded with dry ball grinding. Durve, V.S. R.I.E.Newell and Ebke, A.F. Experiments to be conducted to ascertain the suitability of use of oyster shell as a substitute for sand. The procedure of analysis of the samples was based on AOAC 2005 standards. (1973) Proc. 3(a), the median particle sizes of oyster shell powder obtained with wet and dry balling grindings were D50 = 1.61 Hyok-Bo, Kown., Chan-won, Lee., Byung-Sei, Jun., et al. One of the first records on the taxonomy of Indian oysters is by Hornell (1910)[2]. Eutrophication of coastal waters due to enrichment by nutrients, especially phosphorus is a problem threatening the mariculture industry. Composition of The Larval Shell. Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, St.Albert’s College, Ernakulam District, Kerala State, India, Ajith Thomas John, Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, St.Albert’s College, Ernakulam District, Kerala State, India. Hornell, J. This result probably reflected the environmental factors affecting the growth of Crassostrea madrasensis shell. Fig. Elemental Composition of Oyster shell. According to Fig. An excellent source of Calcium and stays in suspension throughout the feed line … The study conducted by Smith and Wright (1962)[17] in Crassostrea virginica was used as guideline for the present study. The prodissoconch, the shell of the free-swimming veliger larval stage of C. virginica, is composed of aragonite, as opposed to the calcite composition of a postlarval adult oyster shell. This is an Open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Oyster farming to be promoted by the Government to improve the distribution and ensure the availability of this valuable resource for various industries. Oysters coming under the Genus, Crassostrea and Saccostrea are observed along the Indian coasts. Carriker, M.R. Symposium on Living Resources of the Seas around India 86-87. Where can i find the fuse relay layout for a 1990 vw vanagon or any vw vanagon for the matter? The collected Crassostrea madrasensis shell were kept inside a polythene bag and transported to our laboratory. Thus, oyster shell … What is the chemical composition of oyster shell. Oyster shell is mostly calcium carbonate which is used in thousands of different products. The poultry and fish feed industry use 1 - 2% crushed shell in the feed preparation Solaiman, (2005). Along the Indian coast, oysters were identified and studied since the beginning of the 20th century. This very high and consistent form of calcium is available to the bird many hours after feeding to help protect the medullary bone. © 2016 John, A.T. It stays in suspension throughout the feed line making calcium available to all birds. 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Annandale, N., Kemp, S. Fauna of the Chilk Lake Mollusca Gastropoda and Lamellibranchiata. These can effectively be used in the pharmaceutical, fertilizer, lime, cement and poultry feed industries. oyster-shell waste as filler in polymer14-15. How would you describe the obsession of zi dima? The oysters are found from the intertidal zone to a depth of about 4 meters. The concentration of Sodium (Na2O) in C. virginica was 0.32%, while in this study for C. madrasensis it is 1.12%. Samples were collected from Moothakunnam region during September 2011. The Eastern Oyster, Ehsan, A.M., Ehsan, S., Khan, I.H. Chong 14et al. Introduction Along the Indian coast, oysters were identifiedand studied since the beginning of the 20th century. 3(a) and (b) show the particle size distribu- tion of oyster shell powder obtained with dry and wet ball grindings. The utilization of oyster shell relates to the chemical constituents which contribute more than 90% of the shell. Alagaraswami and Narasimham, (1973)[15] and Narasimham and Kripa, (2007)[21] also have reported the Crassostrea madrasensis shell used as raw material in fertilizer, Calcium carbide, lime, cement and poultry feed industries. A seashell or sea shell, also known simply as a shell, is a hard, protective outer layer usually created by an animal that lives in the sea.The shell is part of the body of the animal. Solaiman, M. Mollusc Marketing System through Value chain Analysis with Special Emphasis on Lively hood of the Poor Fishermen. When people ask us about using different materials, in most cases it’s like comparing apples with oranges. Hyok-Bo Kwon et al., 2004[23], while studying the waste disposal problems related to oyster shells found out that pyrolysis of waste oyster shells under defined conditions (750°C for 1h under a nitrogen atmosphere) transforms this material into a sustainable reagent for efficient (up to 98%) removal of phosphates from wastewater. According to Smith and Wright (1962)[17] the Sulfur (SO2) and Strontium (SrO) of C. virginica are 0.16% and 0.12% respectively. 16. Rao, K.S., Rajapandian, M.E., Muthiah, P., et al. In Crassostrea madrasensis, these elements have been identified as Calcium and Carbon and have been quantified as contributing on an average 91.36% by weight of the shell in this study. The shell of the Pacific oyster is more deeply cupped, rougher and more elongated than that of the native, while the shell of the Portuguese oyster usually has even sharper ridges, but Pacific and Portuguese oysters are not always readily distinguishable from each other. The results of the analysis are recorded graphically and the utilization of the shell of Crassostrea madrasensis is presented based on previous recorded studies. For example, decomposed granite is by far the most compared material and its second next to oyster shell in bocce court topcoats. Technology of seed production and farming. Flame Photometry, ICP and CHNS analysis was used to find out the precise values for Ca and Na; Sr and Mg; and C and S respectively in the shell of Crassostrea madrasensis. Chemical–mechanical characteristics of crushed oyster-shell. (2007) Indian Council of Agricultural Research 8: 86-89. Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, ICAR. Prospects for development of oyster culture in India. This composition contrasts with that of the adult shell, which is composed mainly of calcite, the rhombohedral allomorph of calcium carbonate, and minor amounts of aragonite. Narasimham, K.A., Kripa, V. Text book of Oyster biology and culture in India. Report on a collection of Mollusca from the Cochin backwaters. While in Khulna region about 30 lime factories were found to use around 12 MT shellsper month[14]. Rao, K. Sathyanarayana. The samples were submitted to the analysis of centesimal composition and mineral profile, the latter by means of Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). The OSP supplementation considerably responded to different cultivation phases. Figure 2: Magnesium and Strontium in Crassostrea madrasensis shell in percentage. How to use Oyster Shell Calcium 500 Mg (1,250 Mg) Tablet. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis of pyrolyzed oyster shells showed peaks that were characteristic of calcium oxide whereas analysis of raw oyster shells also differed from that of raw oyster shells. The shell were cleaned of adhering organisms and detritus and scrubbed in running tap water to remove residual organic matter. Detailed descriptions of chalk morphology have been given in most studies concerning oyster shell structure (e.g. Studies show that the prodissoconch, the shell of the free-swimming veliger larval stage of C. virginica is composed of aragonite, as opposed to the calcite composition of a post larval adult oyster shell.The epithelium of the oyster’s mantle secretes both the prodissoconch and the post larval shells, but at different times. Others, constitute organic matter and Silicon (SiO2), Chorine (Cl), Aluminium (Al), Iron (Fe), Phosphorous (P), Manganese (Mn), Fluorine (F), Potassium (K), Titanium (Ti), Boron (B), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Bromine (Br), and Iodine (I). Oyster shell is composed of protein polysaccharides and minerals including calcium magnesium, sodium, copper iron, nickel, strontium and some microelements. When did organ music become associated with baseball? Crassostrea virginica is a bivalve mollusk whose shells consist largely of the calcium carbonate Yoon, G.I., Kim B.T., Kim, B.O., et al. A chemical is: "a substance produced by or used in a chemical process." Preston, H.B. (2012) Chinese J Struct Chem 31(1): 85-92. Gravely, F.H. Steps have to be initiated to extract the calcium salt from oyster shells for utilization in the preparation of allopathic medicines. (Molluusca Gastropoda). After drying, the shells were grounded to a powder with using mortar and pestle. It was found that pyrolysis of waste oyster shells under defined conditions (750°C for 1 hr under a nitrogen atmosphere) transforms this material into a sustainable reagent for efficient (up to 98%) removal of phosphate from waste water. Crassostrea madrasensis, the dominant among them has been selected for this study. Composites of PP with oyster or mussel presented higher temperature of onset decomposition (dO) and maximum of decomposition (doff). Preliminary economic feasibility analysis indicates that cost of activated oyster shell is competitive with other waste water treatment. There was no significant reduction in the compressive strength up to 40% of dosages of oyster-shell instead of sand. (a) and (b) Effect of oyster shell powder on the flexural strength of cement Fig. Figure 1: Calcium and Sodium content in Crassostrea madrasensis shell in percentage. How long was Margaret Thatcher Prime Minister? In Orissa, the government used to lease out the oyster beds and the harvested shells are utilized for manufacturing poultry feed[15]. The concentration of moisture showed a slight variation between the two species, 0.58% in C. virginica and 0.804% in Crassostrea madrasensis. and this region is suitable for oyster growth. The result of chemical analysis of oyster shell[20] showed that the bioavailability of calcium from oyster shell is superior to the calcium salt being used in allopathic medicine and the major elements Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium are essential for good and long health. As for the centesimal composition, the samples had on average Apply the crushed shells over your garden in thick layers, depending on how much you need. Oyster mushroom Pleurotus florida was cultivated on different combinations of wheat straw (WS) as basal substrate and oyster shell powder (OSP) supplement. Chemical composition of raw oyster shell was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES, Optima 3000DV, Perkin Elmer, USA). Hence it can be assumed that the C. madrasensis resources of our waters can also serve as a replacement for sand for the construction industry. Empty seashells are often found washed up on beaches by beachcombers.The shells are empty because the animal has died and the soft parts have been eaten by another animal or have decomposed. From this it is clear that C. madrasensis shell powder can be added to ordinary Portland cement up to 10%. maintenance and production of the oyster reefs, little is known about the chemical composition and structure of this material. Smith and Wright (1962)[17] found that the Calcium (CaO) content in the shell of Crassostrea virginica was 54.6%. This was lower than the value in Crassostrea virginica by Smith and Wright (1962) who recorded it at 95% by weight of the shell. Among them four species are considered economically important including Crassostrea madrasensis[1], Crassostrea gryphoides (Schlothein 1813), Crassostrea rivularis (Gould, 1850) and Saccostrea cucullata (Born, 1890). (1962) Texas Journal of Science 14(2): 222-224. Yoon et al., 2003[12], conducted compressive strength tests for soil mortar specimens with varying blending ratio of cement, water, sand and oyster-shell and were compared with normal cement mortar. Rao, K.S. In India, four species of oysters, coming under the subfamily Crassostrinae, including Indian backwater oyster Crassostrea madrasensis[1], West coast oyster Crassostrea gryphoides (Schlothein 1813), Chinese oyster Crassostrea rivularis (Gould, 1850) and Indian rock oyster Saccostrea cucullata (Born, 1890), have been considered as economically important[9]. Various oyster-shells due to sources and individual characteristics are almost similar in the chemical composition. Zhong, B.Y., ZHOU, Qiang., CHAN, Chang-Feng., et al. Flame Photometry, ICP and CHNS analysis was used to find out the precise values for Calcium (Ca) and Sodium (Na); Strontium (Sr) and Magnesium (Mg); and Carbon (C) and Sulfur (S), respectively in the shell of Crassostrea madrasensis. The general shape of the oysters varies in relation to the substratum. It is noted that oyster-shell is entirely composed of CaCO 3 (approximately 96%) and other minerals of trivial amount. Strength of the test pieces added with oyster shell powder at 10% is similar to that without addition. How long will the footprints on the moon last? Chemical Composition of the Edible Oyster Shell Crassostrea Madrasensis (Preston 1916) (2016) J Marine Biol Aquacult 2(2): 1- 4. (1956) Bull Madras Govt Mus (New Ser) Nat Hist Sect 1(2)7: 202. The shell of the freeswimming veliger larval stage of the common North American oyster Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin, 1791) is composed of aragonite. It’s chemical conten… will be. Crassostrea madrasensis are distributed at a 5 km stretch in Moothakunnam region. (1987) Bulletin of Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute 38: 59-62. Powders of raw, heated, and pyrolized oyster shell were analyzed by X-ray diffractometer (PW1830 APD system, Philips, The … In the present study for Crassostrea madrasensis, the percentage concentration of Calcium (CaO) in the shell has been recorded at 47.49%, which is a 7.11% variation between the two species. The important use of mollusc shell is making lime. In the present study, among the chemical constituents analyzed like Calcium, Carbon, Sodium, Magnesium, Sulfur, Strontium and Moisture, Calcium and Carbon were present in high concentrations while all the remaining constituents were observed at low values below 1.5%. (2005) 32-48. In comparison, raw oyster shells removed almost no phosphate from water, whereas oyster shells heated to 75°C under an air atmosphere removed a moderate proportion (up-68%) of phosphates from water[13]. The procedure of analysis for both Flame Photometry and ICP was based on the Official methods of analysis of AOAC International, 2005[16]. What is the chemical composition of oyster shell? When did Elizabeth Berkley get a gap between her front teeth? (2005) Journal Chemical Society of Pakistan 27(5): 512-517. The shell and ligament. Dholakea, A.D. The results indicated that when the addition amount of oyster shell powder is 5%, compressive strength (49.2MPa) and rupture strength (7.55MPa) of the test piece are higher than those of blank samples without addition. The composition of fossil oyster shell proteins. In conclusion, utilization of oyster shell relates to the chemical constituents which contribute more than 90% of the shell. Oyster shells (100 kg) were disintegrated and shell grit of four different grades 5 mm, 2 mm, 1 mm and < 1 mm were obtained. 2. Recycling waste oyster shell for eutrophication control. John, A.T., et al. Clam, Cockle and Oyster resources of the Indian Coasts. This means by using Oyster Shell Flour you significantly reduce the risk of lockout issues arising when compared with alternative Calcium sources, which can be completely broken down in a few weeks in an active enough rhizosphere. The experimental results demonstrate that oyster-shells can be resources of pure calcareous materials and effective in replacement of sand, indicating promising reusable construction materials. It occurs as thick beds in estuaries, backwaters, ports and harbours and only sporadically on the open coasts. (1916) Mem Ind Mus 5: 329-366. Calcium as calcium oxide was observed as the largest constituent at 47.49% closely followed by total Carbon at 43.87%. In Crassostrea madrasensis, these elements have been identified as Calcium and Carbon and have been quantified as contributing on an average 91.36% by weight of the shell in this study. Originally the Indian oysters were referred to under the genus Ostrea but was later included under the genus Crassostrea. The material on this site can not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, cached or otherwise used, except with prior written permission of Multiply. On trying them in a local poultry farm 2 - 3 mm size grit was found to be suitable as an ingredient in poultry feed. Chemical Composition of Pearls 3. How old was queen elizabeth 2 when she became queen? Those setting on flat rocky surfaces are round, those growing on soft mud are long and narrow, and those growing on uneven surface have shapes which conform to that of the substratum[11]. Cylindrical compacted soil and cubic lime specimens with different proportions of the shells and fly ash are made to study the strength variance. Concentration of Total Carbon at 43.87% was observed to be very close to that of C. virginica at 43.5%. This study was conducted taking samples from Moothakunnam region along the backwaters of Vembanad Lake. Rao, K.V., Nayar, K.N. Take this medication by mouth with food. Down To Earth’s Oyster Shell is an all-natural and high-quality source of the essential plant nutrient calcium. Smith, R.A., Wright, E.R. The best time of year to add oyster shell mulch is in the late spring or early summer when the soil has warmed up. (1910) Madras Fish Bull 4: 25-31. (2004) Resources, Conservation and Recycling 41(1): 75-82. One of the first . 4,7,8) but little is known of its crystallography and mode of formation. The analysis results of the three methods mentioned, are represented in Figure 1, Figure 2 and Figure 3. The important aspect to consider is the materiel that you’re comparing the shell to. In coastal regions of oyster producing countries, a great quantity of shells including oyster shell has been being disposed rather than being recycled [ 3 ]. This composition contrasts with that of the adult shell, which is composed mainly of calcite, the rhombohedral allomorph of calcium carbonate, and minor amounts of aragonite. (2003) Waste Manag 23(9): 825–834. Further studies to be done towards the addition of up to 10% oyster shell powder to ordinary Portland cement to assess the impact on its strength and stability. No.125. The Sr/Ca, Mg/Ca, C, and N composition of larval oyster shells and the water of growth is presented The mechanism of PDI shell formation is suggested to … Initiatives to be taken to improve the utilization of oyster shells used as raw material in fertilizer, Calcium carbide, lime, cement and poultry feed industries. Oysters; Crassostrea madrasensis; Shell composition; Utilization. A.O.A.C. Another oyster genus Saccostrea was also recorded. Figure 3: Total Carbon and Sulfur content in Crassostrea madrasensis shell in percentage. The Mollusca of Krusadai Island (in Gulf of Mannar)II. Why don't libraries smell like bookstores? (1968) J Mar Biol Ass India 9: 173-178. Chap.II. Who is the actress in the saint agur advert? Nevertheless, oyster shell predominantly consists of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) and organic matter (4 wt%) (Yoon, Kim, Kim, & Han, 2003). Oyster shell is a by-product of oyster farming, constituting approximately 90% of an entire oyster in a mass ratio, and hence generates a significant amount of waste [1,2]. (1993) Marine Fisheries Information Service. In Cox’s Bazar region there are about 20 lime producing factories using around 8 MT dry shells per month. Copyright © 2020 Multiply Media, LLC. How tall are the members of lady antebellum? Calcium as calcium oxide was observed as the largest constituent at 47.49% closely followed by total Carbon at 43.87%. Crassostrea madrasensis is essentially a brackish water oyster. Edible bivalves Mussels and oysters, In: The Commercial Molluscs of India (1974) Bull Cen Mar Fish Res Inst 25: 4-39. The remaining elements Sodium as sodium oxide at 1.119%, Magnesium as magnesium oxide at 0.619%, Sulfur as sulfur dioxide at 0.403%, Strontium as strontium oxide at 0.020% and water as moisture exist only in negligible percentages. 2005 Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International 18th Ed., AOAC International: USA Chapter 35: 8-950.46, Chapter 39. pp 1. prepared mixtures of recycled polyethylene (PE) and oyster-shell powder, that was coated with ionic surfactant, to test their fire-retardant properties. (Eds.) (1916) Rec Indian Mus 12: 27-39. Among them Crassostrea madrasensis is the most abundant in Indian waters[10] . The analyzed value of Magnesium (MgO) in C. madrasensis shell was 0.619%, which is comparatively larger than the previous study. Hence taking into consideration the various applications of these components in different fields, the following recommendations are made as a culmination of this study. 2 Likes, 20956 Views, Journal of Marine Biology and Aquaculture, Journal of Gastrointestinal Disorders and Liver function, Investigative Dermatology and Venereology Research, Journal of Gynecology and Neonatal Biology, International Journal of Neurology and Brain Disorders, International Journal of Cancer and Oncology, Journal of Pediatrics and Palliative Care, Journal of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, International Journal of Hematology and Therapy, Journal of Cellular Immunology and Serum Biology, Letters in Health and Biological Sciences, International Journal of Food and Nutritional Science, Journal of Veterinary Science and Animal Welfare, Journal of Bioinformatics, Proteomics and Imaging Analysis, Journal of Nanotechnology and Materials Science, Journal of Analytical, Bioanalytical and Separation Techniques, Journal of Medicinal Chemistry and Toxicology, Journal of Environment and Health Science, All Articles are Open access and distributed under the terms of. The concentration of Calcium carbonate in the shell of Crassostrea madrasensis constituted 91.36% by weight of the shell. Oyster shell is calcium carbonate. Moothakunnam region is not polluted by way of discharge of domestic sewage, industrial wastes etc. The present study prepared calcined oyster shell powder having chemical composition and crystal structure of calcium oxide and lime, respectively, and investigated the fresh and hardened properties of cement mortar incorporating calcined oyster shell powder as an additive. ... Yield and composition of meals. As a response to the irritation caused by the foreign object, the nacre glands in the mantle (Fig. Ancient oyster shells are carefully harvested and then ground into small, medium and coarse particles. Fisheries and Aquatic Resources of India. Table 2 shows chemical composition of oyster-shell. When used for garden plants, about four to six pounds per 100 square feet is ideal. batches of oyster shell powder (1 mm), supplied by Primar Organica ®, were analyzed. Experiments to be conducted to use pyrolyzed oyster shells for Eutrophication control strategies. The mycelium grew fast and showed rapid growth rate (8.91 mmd −1 ) in WS + OSP (97 + 3) combination while WS + OSP (92 + 8) showed maximum laccase … All Rights Reserved. But for C. madrasensis, it was observed as 0.403% and 0.02% respectively for these two elements. The shell of the freeswimming veliger larval stage of the common North American oyster Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin, 1791) is composed of aragonite. Alagarswami, K., Narasimham, K.A. The oyster shell constitute about 90% of the total weight and contain 52.55% of calcium oxide and therefore are suitable raw material in calcium carbide, lime, fertilizer cement and other industries[13]. Parameters like moisture, ash, calcium, magnesium, strontium and sodium were detected in the Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, By-Products Laboratory, cochin. Since then a series of reports on the taxonomy of Indian oyster were made[1,3,4-9]. Formation 5. Structure and Property Characterization of Oyster Shell Cementing Material. Satyamurthi, S.T. composition of oyster shell According to experiment carried out Oyster shell is chemically consist of 95% calcium carbonate,3.5% silicate and a trace of other elements like aspartic acid,glycine,calcium phosphate,zinc,manganese,aluminum etc. The epithelium of the oyster's mantle secretes … 2. The parasite gets an accidental entry into a pearl oyster body and occupies a position between the mantle and the shell. Oyster Shell Flour is a premium Calcium source that takes longer to break down than other Calcium sources. Composition According to Galsoff (1964), Carriker (1996)[18,19] the nature of the bottom, salinity, temperature, current velocity, turbidity, direct sunlight, calcium concentration and chemical pollution are some factors suspected to change the shell morphology of oyster. It would depend on your definition of a chemical. The present invention relates to a building plastering composition having an adhesive property such as putty, gypsum bond, paint, and more particularly, to a building plastering composition comprising OSP (Oyster Shell Powder) powdered oyster shell below a certain size.