is characterized by fever, discharges and oral lesions
Then epithelial
to rule out PPR by laboratory testing of, at least, serum samples from
Note: Clinical disease has not been reported by every country; for some only
Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, https://news.ilri.org/2019/12/16/animal-health-experts-on-the-goat-plague-known-â¦, global strategy for the control and eradication of PPR, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), French Agricultural Research Centre for International Development (CIRAD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Irrigation,  French Agricultural Research Centre for International Development (CIRAD), The Peste des Petits Ruminants Global Research and Expertise Network (PPR-GREN), International Goat Association participation in the second meeting of PPR GREN in Nairobi, Animal health experts on the âgoat plagueâ known as PPR chart ways forward for better controlling a widespread disease harming the worldâs small-scale sheep and goats producers, Vaccine strategies, targets and delivery mechanisms, The role of wildlife in eradicating the disease, © 2020 International Livestock Research Institute. PPR Disease in Sheep and Goats – What Causes PPR(Peste-des-Petits Ruminants): The Peste-des-Petits Ruminants disease is caused by Moribillivirus of Paramyxoviridae family. ruminants against PPR for at least three years. breeds in these countries, being mainly restricted to exotic introduced animals. PPR
Control of PPR
FIGURE 5:
require careful examination to be seen. These individuals first gathered in 2018 to discuss potential diagnostics and vaccines for this disease and the socioeconomics, transmission and impacts of wildlife on this disease, which causes fever, mouth sores, diarrhoea, pneumonia and sometimes death. pad, palate, lips, inner aspects of the cheeks and upper surface of the tongue. The samples required are:
Mark sample bottles carefully with an indelible pen and record details of
Up to 100 percent of the animals in a flock may be affected in a PPR outbreak
specimens to the FAO World Reference Laboratory for Rinderpest, which
FIGURE 12:
Note the small, red, solid areas of lung tissue caused directly by PPR virus
coughing, but there mouth lesions or diarrhoea are not present in CCPP.
against PPR made use of tissue culture rinderpest vaccine. Congested (reddened) lining; clear or creamy yellow exudates; erosions. fast-spreading syndrome in sheep and/or goats characterized by the sudden
This material can be collected by a spatula or finger rubbed across the gum
It was first described in
tongue and cheeks and into the oesophagus. It is recommended that the following tissues be collected during post mortem
Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP)
Bluetongue, like PPR,
For details on this and other publications, and to obtain additional copies
Other animals will recover after a protracted convalescence. features of FMD, other than the appearance of the lesions, are the absence
of PPR can be difficult, especially when the disease is encountered for the
can be obtained from FAO EMPRES; it can also be supplied electronically as
following: Front cover and Plate 5 Prof. T.U. the Pan African Veterinary Vaccine Centre (PANVAC) at Debre Zeit, Ethiopia,
in the last 50 years is real or whether it reflects increased awareness,
It is caused by a morbillivirus in the family Paramyxoviridae. It can affect
Mouth
towards increased intensification) and trading
Diagnosis of PPR
Reddening of the mucous membranes of the eye (the conjunctiva) in the early
is a purely respiratory disease of sheep and goats caused by the bacterium
Pasteurella haemolytica. frequent sources of confusion are: Could be a symptom of: rinderpest, foot-and-mouth disease, bluetongue or
The use of rinderpest vaccine to protect
PPR in a goat: purulent eye and nose discharges
In recent years the disease has been seen in the Near East and the Arabian
EMPRES (Livestock) Animal Health Service FAO
Laboratory for Rinderpest at the Institute for Animal Health, Pirbight
Keep samples cool during transfer to the laboratory (preferably on melting
virus itself, evidence of the presence of the virus (virus antigen or genetic
is a disease of goats (sheep are not affected) caused by a Mycoplasma sp. out an investigation, examination of the way the disease behaves in the herd
This grass is the main... Livestock provides income and employment to farmers, agricultural service providers and others involved in the value chain. (at least a week after the appearance of clinical signs) can be diagnostic. into a container and 150 microlitres of PBS are added (if available).
of epithelial tissue. Côte d'Ivoire in West Africa in 1942. against PPR made use of tissue culture rinderpest vaccine. tongue and cheeks and into the oesophagus. to emergency preparedness for the major transboundary diseases of livestock. Dark red or purple areas; firm to the touch, mainly in the anterior and cardiac
Detection of virus genetic material is performed by the reverse transcriptase
The carcass of an affected animal is usually emaciated, the hindquarters
Mark sample bottles carefully with an indelible pen and record details of
Two sets of each tissue are required; one set is chilled but not frozen,
air from these secretions and excretions, particularly when affected animals
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR), which is also known as goat plague, is
sheep/goat pox. sheep, therefore, neither confirms a diagnosis of primary pneumonic
Note the lines of haemorrhage along the tips of the folds of the lining of
Note the yellowish, fibrinous deposit on the surface of the lungs and adhesions
samples, three weeks apart, from the same animals, which is not always feasible
in reference centres, together with enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA),
As the disease progresses, a characteristic foul smell exudes from the mouth. pleuropneumonia (CCPP). and eyes become very reddened (Figure 2). and soft painful coughs - they have obvious signs of pneumonia. The main problem of
(possibly Dermatophilus infection or reactivation of a latent contagious
antigens can also be detected by immunocapture ELISA (ICE) which is rapid
One to two days after fever has set in, the mucous membranes of the mouth
PPR in a goat: early mouth lesions showing areas of dead cells
Should have consultation increase as the numbers of samples examined and animals sampled increase. Other animals inhale the droplets and are likely to become
of the purpose and extent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Director,
Such nodules are a common finding in the later stages of PPR infection.
increased recognition is owing to greater awareness and the availability
Although such pneumonia is commonly seen
There are several important points to observe when using the services of
Congested (reddened) lining; haemorrhages; some erosions. The bud/swab is broken off into
where there is a risk of PPR. 00100 Rome, Italy
Tel. +33 4 67593705 Fax +33 4 67593798 E-mail
confirm a provisional diagnosis of bluetongue. FIGURE 12:
PPR
Clotted blood or serum
in PPR, it is caused by secondary bacterial infection, most commonly Pasteurella
Early pale, grey areas of dead cells on the gums. the mouth is changed in appearance. These proportions are usually lower
diagnosis. Pakistan and Afghanistan.
The faeces are initially soft and then watery, foul-smelling
Comments and suggestions for improvement are welcomed
contagious ecthyma (orf or "sore mouth"). was once thought to be a comparatively restricted problem in West Africa,
PPR in a goat: later mouth lesions
infection (Figure 1). where there is a risk of PPR. and/or clinical indications that the infection is, nevertheless, present. Until recently, the most practical vaccination
If facilities are available,
contain dried-up discharges. Affected animals
a febrile illness affecting sheep and/or goats; eye, nose and mouth discharges
There are no oral lesions or diarrhoea. virus for biological characterization studies. infection. mainly in the anterior and cardiac lobes of the lung
Congested (reddened) lining; haemorrhages; some erosions. The meeting was launched by Principal Secretary Harry Kimtai in Kenyaâs State Department of Livestock within the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Irrigation. The numbers of affected and dead animals are usually lower than for PPR except
FIGURE 2:
with their infection.
Amanda Fine, the wildlife health program associate director for the Wildlife Conservation Society, argued the need for better understanding of virus epidemiology at the wildlife-livestock interface to support the integration of wildlife into PPR eradication efforts.
Detection of the virus is done by isolation of the PPR virus in cultured
34032 Montpellier Cedex 1 France
These lesions are typical of pneumonic pasteurellosis. The outbreak will not involve cattle,
PPR events in the last decade in Asia and East Africa suggest that the disease
Pregnant
Transboundary Animal Plants and Pests (EMPRES) (Livestock) Unit as an aid
require careful examination to be seen. and cardiac lobes of the lungs. diarrhoea in order to rule out PPR.
seen on the lips in the late stages of PPR. of the African continent until a disease of goats in the Sudan, which was
It should be noted that submission of samples to any laboratory outside the
Skin disease in goats is not uncommon, and many skin diseases have been reported in the UK goat population (Jackson 1986). sheep, therefore, neither confirms a diagnosis of primary pneumonic
Any appearance of one or more of these signs in combination must be considered
The result of both tests showed high prevalence of PPRV antibodies in sheep and goats sera collected from six different regions of Sudan. Goat farming is a very profitable business. this stage, a clear watery discharge starts to issue from the eyes, nose
convalescent flocks, even if CCPP is suspected. infection. Outbreaks with PPR-like syndrome in sheep and goats were recorded around the Greater Virunga Landscape in Kasese (2016), Kisoro and Kabale (2017) from western Uganda, and in North Kivu (2017) from eastern Democratic Such victims may eventually become dehydrated with sunken eyeballs, and death
become covered with scabs (Figure 5). culture from pneumonic lungs of sheep, even from the lungs of PPR-affected
a febrile illness affecting sheep and/or goats; eye, nose and mouth discharges
of characteristic post mortem changes would further strengthen the provisional
Tel. Sheep and, less commonly, goats develop subacute reactions after an incubation period of about 6 d. In 10-14 d the animals usually recover. This study was carried out to characterize PPR viruses from outbreaks in 2007 and 2009 from Kaduna and Plateau States. The location was at Kibumba (1.48247° S, 29.34605° E), a settlement near to the Rwandan border and next to the park where buffalo regularly share pasture with local livestock ( Figure 1 ). In India first reports of PPR outbreak in 1992 came from Tamil Nadu. Four genetically distinct lineages of peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) have been identified.
soiled with soft/watery faeces and the eyeballs sunken. is more commonly seen in sheep than goats. There are no oral lesions or diarrhoea. Generally, this
death, turn black. because it is performed on formalin-fixed material and can discriminate between
How do mitigation priorities and opportunities differ across farmscapes (e.g. because of its apparent similarity to rinderpest - the clinical signs of
Later this disease spread throughout the world. This material can be collected by a spatula or finger rubbed across the gum
culture from pneumonic lungs of sheep, even from the lungs of PPR-affected
If facilities are available,
and eyes become very reddened (Figure 2). The vaccines can protect small
to the inside of the rib cage. Incubation period may range from 2-6 days in field conditions. +44 1483 232441 Fax + 44 1483 232448 E-mail
In 1972 in Sudan, a disease in goats that was originally diagnosed as rinderpest, was confirmed to be PPR. are not familiar with its clinical and pathological features. The numbers of affected and dead animals are usually lower than for PPR except
Tests and Vaccines contains guidelines on the collection of samples and the
FIGURE 7:
is also very important that it be differentiated from rinderpest, particularly
has actually spread, rather than just being more frequently recognized. PPR. and sensitive, and differentiates between PPR and rinderpest. As
for laboratory confirmation of both rinderpest and PPR are identical. It should be noted that submission of samples to any laboratory outside the
PPR and rinderpest when performed with specific monoclonal antibodies. them a bloated appearance, especially the short-haired breeds. pneumonic pasteurellosis and CCPP have caused the most difficulty in differential
Pregnant
and Tropical Veterninary Medicine (CIRAD-EMVT) Laboratory, Montpellier, France,
nodular lesions in the skin on the outside of the lips around the muzzle
Tel. Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom,
Anthrax in sheep and goats is a naturally occuring disease with worldwide distribution. Discharges from the nose and eyes in advanced PPR infection; the hair below
[email protected]
Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus (PPRV) is an extremely infective morbillivirus that primarily affects goats and sheep. anticoagulants (heparin or ethylenediamine tetracetic acid [EDTA]). Gum debris
Consequently, the saiga catastrophes emphasized the failure of PPR eradication strategies in considering wildlife and possible virus spill over from livestock. These proportions are usually lower
The disease threatens 80 per cent of the global sheep and goat population in over 70 countries in Africa, Asia, Europe and the Middle East. for laboratory confirmation of both rinderpest and PPR are identical. The chances of a successful laboratory confirmation of the clinical diagnosis
belongs to the morbillivirus group of the paramyxovirus family of viruses. Using appropriate culture
of PPR can be difficult, especially when the disease is encountered for the
Containing the nutritive values of over 44,000 forage and fodder samples, the... Martha Anyango of Homabay County in her plot of improved napier grass (Ouma variety) planted in Tumbukiza holes (photo credit: AVCD/ FIPS R. Jumah) Napier grass, which is also known as elephant grass, is one of the most important fodder crops grown across the global tropics. will usually be found to be swollen and discoloured blue at the same time. PPR is an important disease in its own right, but it has also created problems
of their similarity to the symptoms of primary contagious ecthyma or even
garden collections of wild small ruminants including Laristan sheep, Dorcas-type
The lips are swollen, oedematous and show areas of erosion. Typical lesions of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) in a goat
FAO wishes to acknowledge the financial assistance to the production of this
Their hair stands erect giving
PPR in a goat: later mouth lesions
PPR in a goat: early mouth lesions showing areas of dead cells
From 2014 to 2016, more than 1000 wild goats (Capra aegagrus) in the]. practices. commented on the text during drafting; their contributions are gratefully
A provisional diagnosis
history of recent movement or gathering together of sheep and/or goats of
the eyelids, obstruction of the nose and difficulty in breathing. Note the yellowish, fibrinous deposit on the surface of the lungs and adhesions
Taylor Plate 9 Dr P.C. diagnostic techniques for diagnosis of PPRV infection. Department of Breeding and Tropical Veterninary Medicine (CIRAD-EMVT) kindly
to the inside of the rib cage. Detection of the virus is done by isolation of the PPR virus in cultured
Discharges from the nose and eyes in advanced PPR infection; the hair below
The disease
Note the purulent eye discharges. The hindquarters are soiled with liquid faeces.
The second form of … For many years it was thought that it was restricted to that part
differentiation arises when oral lesions and diarrhoea are either absent
contagious ecthyma (orf or "sore mouth"). first time and national laboratories lack adequate facilities. Congested (reddened) lining; clear or creamy yellow exudates; erosions. animals.
required, but it is advisable to collect as many of the samples listed above
PPR in a goat: the early lesions of pneumonia
PPR infection has been recognized in many of the African countries that lie
become covered with scabs (Figure 5). the rectum may reveal evidence of soft faeces which may be stained with blood.
Typical lesions of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) in a goat
Provide epidemiological and clinical details with the samples. for Africa, or CIRAD-EMVT at Montpellier, France, for other areas. sac and swirled around to collect tears. and transportation in containers meeting International Air Transport Association
Control of PPR
permission of the copyright owner. are shallow erosions. are markedly depressed and appear sleepy. A provisional diagnosis
Outbreaks of PPR are now known to be common in India, Nepal, Bangladesh,
Australia. National laboratories will provide guidance about exactly which samples are
in the field. is characterized by fever, discharges and oral lesions
Tests and Vaccines contains guidelines on the collection of samples and the
However, the outcome of infection is also markedly affected by animal breed, with some breeds from Clinical disease is, however, not generally experienced in indigenous
In mild cases these changes may not be severe and will
since the PPR virus, like its close relative rinderpest, would not be expected
PPR may have passed unrecognized for years in some countries because
It is extremely useful as
required, but it is advisable to collect as many of the samples listed above
FIGURE 4:
Dr P.L. at this stage of the programme, any outbreak of rinderpest anywhere represents
and the morbilliviruses of aquatic mammals. movements with both the chest and abdominal walls moving as the animal breathes. some laboratory tests need to be carried out. PPR is a severe, fast-spreading disease of mainly domestic small ruminants. cough and sneeze. Note the small, red, solid areas of lung tissue caused directly by PPR virus
to investigate thoroughly any disease syndrome characterized by disturbed
dispatch of rinderpest samples (which are also applicable to PPR samples)
to survive for long outside the host. from the eyes and nose, sores in the mouth, disturbed breathing and cough,
a laboratory:
The realization that many of the cases diagnosed as
delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy. [email protected]
He … Fibrin deposits cover the lungs
haemolytica. The eyes and nose
Appearance of disease in a herd or flock
A common feature in later stages of the disease is the formation of small
It is closely related to the rinderpest virus of cattle and buffaloes, the
Bluetongue disease in a sheep
PPRV should be carried out in all suspected cases of pneumonic pasteurellosis
PPR in a goat: purulent eye and nose discharges
PPR closely resemble those of rinderpest, making differential diagnosis
FIGURE 3:
Control of PPR outbreaks relies on movement control (quarantine) combined
A disease
pad, palate, lips, inner aspects of the cheeks and upper surface of the tongue. in endemic areas where older animals have survived earlier infection. change in weather such as the onset of the rainy season (hot and humid) or
Diagnostic tests for detecting
ice) and reduce the time in transit to the minimum. acknowledged. Soon after
Asia sheep are usually the most noticeable victims. PPR in a goat: inflamed (reddened) eye membranes
it rapidly when it occurs. for the present knowledge of its range and it is known that confusion of
Small ruminants (e.g., sheep and goats) contribute considerably to the cash income and nutrition of small farmers in most countries in Africa and Asia. Pathology of PPR has been reported in different goat and sheep breeds from natural and experimental infections.
Of the 33 clinical samples analysed, 51.52% (n = 17) were positive for F protein gene primers … The main research areas addressed were on the epidemiology, ecology and socio-economy of this disease, development of laboratory tests to diagnose it, the state of progress in production of a vaccine against it and outreach, advocacy and communications work needed to better control it.