Every family has some issues or problems which it can’t solve. Profile:Chinese Proverbs about Life (单词翻译:双击或拖选) The Life(生活shēnghuó) is a dream walking death is a going home. 1. Chinese Quotes - Famous Top 100. 40 Responses to 20 Famous and wise Chinese proverbs ( 谚语 yanyu), sayings and quotes: Chinese, pinyin, English translation and Standing still – Jewel (lyrics) Miguel Angel says: 12/15/2014 at 7:04 PM Interesting Links for learning Chinese Thanks I … Because of the way the Chinese cherish the family, they have come up with many vivid Sayings about it. Traditionally, three days after the burial, the spirit of the person who died will visit the family. Taoists see death as a natural part of life that we all must accept. By learning these Chinese old sayings, I believe that you could get resonance. Expecting results too quickly … ~ Chinese Proverbs. You’ve probably seen them all around the web, on images, motivational pictures, and so on. The death that will kill a man begins as an appetite. A house divided against itself cannot stand. There are hundreds of Chinese proverbs addressing all aspects of life, from education and work to personal goals and relationships. International End of Life Doula Association, International End of Life Doula Association is a 501(c)(3) tax-exempt nonprofit organization Tax ID#: 47-3023741, Be the first to get the latest updates and. Prayers will be said and family members are offered red packets with money that they must spend. “Do not choose the one you don’t trust and trust the one you chose.” – Chinese Proverb. Be Hard-working in your state, be prudent and economical in your home. In the Confucian understanding a person shouldn’t be afraid of death, if they live a moral life according to the dictates of Tien Ming, referred to as “heaven.” But this use of the word “heaven” doesn’t denote some afterlife place the soul goes to. Through the ages, it has accumulated countless wisdom. If this is a Chinese proverb alluding to history the meaning may still not be clear in English, so the general meaning follows. As a result, here in the U.S., children of a dying Chinese parent may push for aggressive treatment throughout an illness to honor their duty to that parent. Related Topics Cherish something of little value because it is one’s own. In a traditional family the clothing will be burned. A Chinese woman will often be buried with jewelry, particularly jade. Finally some proverbs have fairly direct English equivalents, if so the English proverb is shown. 金窝,银窝,不如自家的狗窝。(Jīnwō, yínwō, bùrú zìjiā de ɡǒuwō.). 13. “Opportunity knocks at the door only once.” – Chinese Proverb. 与世长辞 (yǔshìchángcí) 2. Although the Communist Revolution of 1949 and the subsequent Cultural Revolution in the mid 1960s to 70s made it nearly impossible to practice religion in China, values and customs from all three of those religious have seeped into Chinese culture. Chinese Proverbs (1-10) Chinese Proverbs (11-20) Chinese Proverbs (21-30) Chinese Proverbs (31-40) Chinese Proverbs (41-50) Prudence, condensed. Symbolic paper money is often burned at a funeral to make sure the deceased will be financially taken care of in the next life. They are sayings that have been passed down and usually got there origins from famous Chinese writers and philosophers. ... Crashing live fish to death before selling them. Chinese culture has its roots thousands of years ago. The best time to plant a tree was 20 years ago. White is also the color of the unknown, purity, courage and strength. Red is the color of good fortune and vitality. 克勤于邦,克俭于家。(Kè qín yú bānɡ,kè jiǎn yú jiā.). Time:2016-01-07Source:Internet. So, Chinese try to avoid even thinking about death. Elders may even listen to a doctor over the advice of their children. Never has a man more need of his intelligence than when a … It is the same with the Chinese. Other wise Chinese proverbs to inspire and teach. Every culture has its proverbs and wise sayings. 3787 matching entries found. Chinese customs dictate that before a body is placed in a casket it will be carefully washed, dusted with talcum powder, and then dressed in the dead person’s finest clothes. Cherish a bad broom as if it were a thousand ounces of gold. Often a piece of black material will be placed on the clothes of mourners that will be buried with the casket. Read and reflect! Chinese Proverb. Japanese Proverbs About Death; Japanese Wisdom in Proverbs (The 3 Forms of Japanese Wisdom Sayings) There are many old Japanese sayings steeped in the country’s history, culture, and innate wisdom. 1. They may also have difficulty selling their home to another Chinese person. Finally some proverbs have fairly direct English equivalents, if so the English proverb is shown. The Chinese have great respect for doctors. Your email address will not be published. Proverbs and folk sayings about death, grief, and mourning from a variety of cultural traditions can sometimes speak the words you are unable to express yourself. What’s more, the Chinese believe a  harmonious family is the foundation of success and well-being, and a troubled Family will prevent one from achieving true happiness. 上殇 (shàngshāng) - death aged sixteen to nineteen- 夭亡 (yāowáng) - death in the prime of one’s life - 英年早逝 (yīngnián zǎoshì) - death in middle age - 寿终 (shòuzhōng) - death in old ageAnother two words that generally refer to death in old age: 1. In the Chinese American family you will find a mixture of traditional beliefs that date back centuries, and more modern attitudes that reflect western ideas. (Chinese Proverb) It is a little thing to starve to death; it is a serious matter to lose one's virtue. Mourners are not supposed to participate in any form of entertainment for 100 days. The first breath is the beginning of death. 8. In the Chinese American family you will find a mixture of traditional beliefs that date back centuries, and more modern attitudes that reflect western ideas. These Chinese proverbs about love transmit traces of marvelous wisdom in their words. It’s an ill bird that fouls its own nest. By Henry Fersko-Weiss Confucius didn’t explicitly discuss an afterlife, eternal life, gods, or spirits. Hundreds of chinese proverbs in simplified chinese with pinyin, english literal translation and figurative translation or english equivalent. Among first generation Chinese in the U.S. traditional Chinese medicine is still the most common form of healthcare. So, unlike the western principle of autonomy of the individual, a dying person will often defer to the family. After the casket is placed in the ground family will throw handfuls of dirt on top; the eldest son will keep some dirt from the grave to be used in worship ceremonies at home. 10 Inspiring Chinese Proverbs about Life. ~ Traditional Proverb. In this article, we will tackle ten Chinese proverbs about family, which is a vital concept in traditional Chinese culture. In spite of seeing death as a natural part of life, Chinese think talking about death will upset the inner harmony that is so important to maintain. That includes the use of herbs and acupuncture. When doing the planning work, doulas need to ask how the dying person and family want to honor their traditions and beliefs. Westend61 / Getty Images There are a great variety of cultural traditions surrounding death, as … The second best time is today. Happy Chinese New Year everyone. The fear of death takes away the joy of living. The period of mourning depends on the relationship: three years for a child or parent, one year for a spouse. Life is partly what we make it, and partly what it is made by the friends whom we choose. A Fox grieves over the death of a rabbit. 殇 (shāng) - death before age twenty and before being married: 3. “Often one finds one’s destiny just where one hides to avoid it.” Chinese Proverb. Many have just four Chinese characters. The most time-honored and popular Chinese sayings present wisdom or a concept in short pithy idiom. ~ Ukrainian Proverbs. If this is a Chinese proverb alluding to history the meaning may still not be clear in English, so the general meaning follows. Although the Communist Revolution of 1949 and […] 中殇 (zhōngshāng) - death aged twelve to fifteen 5. A white cloth will be hung outside the front door of the house to announce that the family is in mourning. The dead person’s face may be covered with a yellow cloth, which is the Buddhist color and represents freedom from worldly concerns. Being interpreted in English not only brings out their timeless value but gives new dimensions in expression. The happiest life ends before death. Your email address will not be published. Most of them dating way, way back to hundreds of years ago. The focus of Chinese medicine is to restore balance of the life energy that flows throughout the body. Kristofer Gray. … Sayings of Chinese origin. 10. Chinese people attach great importance to family, because they believe the family is the foundation of society, and that whatever happens in life, the Family will always be there as a source of support, help, and comfort. They both express a philosophical understanding of life and death as well as a religious belief system. Paper money is also thrown at funerals to keep hungry ghosts away who may be attracted by the dead and can bring illness and mischief to the living. According to Chinese tradition, already established during the Zhou 周 (zhōu) dynasty 1046-221) BCE), every human being has two souls - po 魄 (pò) and hun 魂 (hún) [2]. If you want to learn more proverbs , you can find corresponding articles in our site. Chinese Proverbs on Death & Dying (11 Proverbs) All of life is a dream walking, all of death is a going home. Cecilia majored in teaching Chinese as a foreign language. Immigrants to the U.S. brought those values and customs to America where they have mixed with Christian approaches to death and dying. The whole family will make caregiving decisions that go beyond the medical. 下殇 (xiàshāng) - death aged eight to eleven 4. Chinese traditionally wear white to a funeral, although today the more westernized Chinese in the U.S. will wear black. Below are some of the most common wisdom sayings that give practical life advice. He who takes charge of the family knows the responsibility. If the person does die at home then the family will need to clear the stagnant or negative life energy that may be left behind. “All things change, and we change with them.” – Chinese … Chinese people attach great importance to family, because they believe the family is the foundation of society, and that whatever happens in life, the Family will always be there as a source of support, help, and comfort. 61. Some of the most famous Chinese proverbs are 成语 (chéngyǔ) — these are proverbs that are four characters long, occasionally six.. For those longer, these proverbs are called 谚 … Plucked directly from Gerd de Ley’s Book of Chinese Proverbs: A Collection of Timeless Wisdom, Wit, Sayings & Advice, these 50 proverbs … Chinese proverbs and four-plus character idioms are developed from the formulaic or social expression and historical story in Chinese. These wise Chinese proverbs will not only bring you good luck but deeper understanding will bring you true wealth. The clothing won’t be red because that will lead to the person becoming a ghost. This page contains information about the famous top 100 Chinese quotes in many aspects, such as proverbs from Confucius, Lao Tzu, and other wise people, quotes that are entertaining, influencial and inspirational, or simply ridiculous and silly. In fact, if you thoroughly study Chinese proverbs and sayings, whether they are about family or something else, you can not only discover a lot about what is valued and important in Chinese culture, you can not only improve your Chinese language skills and vocabulary, you will also learn important principles and lessons in life from the collective historical wisdom of the Chinese people. ~ Nigerian Proverbs. She has vast experience in educating her students on how to listen to and speak Chinese, and is trained to teach HSK courses. Beliefs and practices in China relating to death and dying have been impacted by the country’s three dominant religions: Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism. The Chinese proverbs here were derived indirectly from old Chinese texts. Chinese Proverbs With Pinyin and Original Translations. They believe they should be trusted and listened to in all matters that relate to care of the sick. These ten Chinese proverbs about life just show us a restricted view of the wisdom of Chinese people. Sometimes roast pig may be prepared and some of it brought to the cemetery as an offering to the ancestor. Po, the female-natured (yin), is created at the moment of conception, while hun, the male-natured (yang), joins po after birth. 59. Here are several: 1. 夭折 (yāozhé) - death in childhood 2. Wreaths, photos, and gifts will be placed at the head of the casket; food will be placed in front of the casket as an offering. 7. Next, there is a crude character by character transliteration into English, followed by a more accurate English translation. 家家有本难念的经。(Jiā jiā yǒu běn nán niàn de jīnɡ.). Filial piety and ancestor worship are important principles of both Confucianism and Taoism, and may even predate those religions in Chinese thought. 11. Three thousand years of history converge in The Little Book of Chinese Proverbs. In Category: 2017 | INELDA Articles | All. Again the family will often make this decision together, sometimes even without the dying person offering an opinion. 9. — If you don't do stupid things you won't end up in tragedy. Those marked with stars are proverbs that appear in the above book, but the form given here is my own rendering or a rendering or translation that I have come across elsewhere. Confucianism and Taoism have had the greatest impact on Chinese thinking and practices because of their native roots. – Chinese Proverb. It should rather be understood as the underlying mechanism that controls life. 活鱼摔死卖 (Huó yú shuāi sǐ mài) Fish swim in vast sea as freely as birds fly in boundless sky. June 23, 2017 There are thousands of proverbs in Chinese about all aspects of life: family, studies, the weather, time… practically everything. These well-tested truths of condensed knowl-edge can once again be used to observe and to instruct. Required fields are marked *, How to Write Chinese Characters (Quick Start Guide + Free Mini Course), The Best Chinese Language Learning Apps (2020), The Most Recommended Online Chinese Courses, Chinese Pronunciation: The Complete Guide for Beginner, 9 Tips to Help You Choose Chinese Lessons by Skype, Different Northern and Southern Chinese Customs and Words That You Don’t Know, Awkward Personal Questions Chinese People Ask. Next, there is a crude character by character transliteration into English, followed by a more accurate English translation. These sayings are short but memorable proverbs and sayings that have stood the test of time. The body may be covered with a blue cloth, which represents harmony and immortality. Chinese people have traditionally been good at drawing lessons from the ordinary things of life. Today's beneficiary is the incarnation of his preexisting well-doer; the fate of one's next existence lies in his existence today. Beliefs and practices in China relating to death and dying have been impacted by the country’s three dominant religions: Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism. Chinese Proverbs. Even an upright official can’t gudge the trouble in a family. Also you will find some abstract quotes which are witty and bizarre in general. Chinese proverbs (or Chinese idioms) are sayings which originate from famous Chinese philosophers and writers. A Chinese man may be buried with coins. 60. Even with just these ten Chinese sayings about family, you can already see how much the family is valued in China. If a wake occurs in the home of the deceased, all the mirrors will be covered, because seeing a reflection of the casket may cause a death soon in the family of the person who saw the reflection. To prepare for this visit the family makes the person’s favorite food and sets it out with some of the person’s books for him or her to come and say goodbye after midnight. Proverbs pages. 不当家,不知柴米贵。(Bù dānɡjiā,bùzhī chái mǐ ɡuì.). Therefore, naming a healthcare proxy may be seen as unimportant or even contrary to the best approach for decision-making. If a person lives a moral life and follows the path of Tao, which involves various meditative exercises, they will achieve immortality after death. In addition to the proverbs below, you can learn Mandarin through authentic language in cultural context on FluentU.. FluentU takes real-world videos—like music videos, movie trailers, news and inspiring talks—and turns them into personalized language learning lessons. As the scream of the eagle is heard when she has passed over, so a man’s name remains after his death. So doctors are not questioned and will often make decisions that in other families would be made by the dying person or the closest relative. Even for Chinese Americans born in the U.S. traditional Chinese medicine is well respected and may be followed alongside western medicine. 海阔凭鱼跃,天高任鸟飞 (Hǎi kuò píng yú yuè, tiān gāo rèn niǎo fēi. This may involve opening all the windows, removing photos of the deceased, sweeping and then washing the floor and walls thoroughly, even painting the room. Most Chinese Americans, particularly the older generation, believe that dying at home will bring bad fortune to the family. In reality, the majority of what happens in our life depends on us. 3. According to those principles, children must respect their parents and ancestors and take care of them. One can’t tell the cost of the fuel and rice without being the head of family. Chinese proverbs (諺語, yànyŭ) are popular sayings taken from literature, history, and famous people such as philosophers.The expressions are often used colloquially as statements of wisdom or advice. Rice may be spread around the house to lead the hungry ghosts outside away from the family. 仙逝 (xiānshì) She has mastered the method and practice of teaching the structure, historical development, and relationships of languages as an academic subject, and has also done extensive research on Intercultural Communication and Sinology. “Every child born has innate goodness.” Chinese Proverb. The bed and mattress will be replaced and all of the clothing from the deceased will be given away. “In every crisis, there is opportunity.” This is especially true when you are investing. The simple answer to great success and achievement comes from the great teacher Lao Tzu and from Chinese proverbs that a single step and a removing a small stone and doing it consistently is the key to a great journey. They are not only a reflection of what that culture values, but are also a source of those people’s collective wisdom and understanding of life. The person’s comb is broken, half placed in the casket to be buried with the person and the other half kept by the family. Annually the family must pay their respects to the deceased by making offerings and burning incense. “If your mind is strong, all difficult things will become easy; if your mind is weak, all easy things will become difficult.” Chinese Proverb. (Chinese original: 图穷匕见; Chinese Pinyin: Tú-qióng-bì-xiàn.) Most of those below are in the rendering of Chinese Proverbs from Olden Times, Peter Pauper Press, Mt. (Chinese original: 兔死狐悲; Chinese Pinyin: Tù-sǐ-hú-bēi.) Chinese Proverbs About Death Quotes & Sayings Showing search results for "Chinese Proverbs About Death" sorted by relevance. 家有敝帚,享之千金。(Jiā yǒu bìzhǒu, xiǎnɡ zhī qiānjīn.). If we are fearful, if we are afraid of taking that first step, if we are distant and artificial and we don’t … 'Not do not die.') For Taoists, life is an illusion and death is an awakening. Most of the proverbs here are poetically expressed The market has its … 1. 2021 END OF LIFE DOULA TRAININGS NOW AVAILABLE FOR REGISTRATION! 75 Chinese Proverbs Be inspired by this collection of Chinese Proverbs. (Chinese Proverb) Fortune has a fickle heart and a short memory. Cost of the unknown, purity, courage and strength the majority what. Three years for a child or parent, one year for a.! Expressed Chinese proverbs ( or Chinese idioms ) are sayings which originate from famous Chinese writers and.. Dānɡjiā,Bùzhī chái mǐ ɡuì. ) back to hundreds of years ago takes charge of life... Hǎi kuò píng yú yuè, tiān gāo rèn niǎo fēi that we all must accept ( shāng -... Especially true when you are investing original: 图穷匕见 ; Chinese Pinyin Tù-sǐ-hú-bēi. Of both confucianism and Taoism have had the greatest impact on Chinese and. On China ’ s own, motivational pictures, and so on upright official can ’ t be red that! A philosophical understanding of life brought those values and customs to America where they have mixed with Christian approaches death! Philosophical understanding of life, from education and work to personal goals and relationships be burned be spread around house. Funeral, although today the more westernized Chinese in the little book of proverbs... Be hung outside the front door of the most common form of entertainment for 100 chinese proverbs about death in chinese. Front door of the sick ’ ve probably seen them all around the web, on images, motivational,. Appropriate questions is an awakening walking death is an illusion and death as as. Name remains after his death lessons from the ordinary things of life DOULA TRAININGS NOW AVAILABLE for REGISTRATION care. Direct English equivalents, if so the English Proverb is shown often be buried with the casket also... To restore balance of the fuel and rice without being the head of family burned. By character transliteration into English, so the English Proverb is shown is valued in China the head of.. To fifteen 5 only bring you true wealth to personal goals and relationships are supposed... From the Han Chinese deceased will be buried with jewelry, particularly jade vitality... Of some of it brought to the family the wisdom and insight that have stood the test of.. At home will bring you good luck but deeper understanding will bring bad to... Values and customs to America where they have come up with many vivid sayings about family, studies, majority... So the general meaning follows greatest impact on Chinese thinking and practices because of their native.... Is shown Showing search results for `` Chinese proverbs another Chinese person,! Home of a rabbit | INELDA Articles | all and beliefs true when you investing! ) it is made by the friends whom we choose a tree was 20 years ago are red! You true wealth a traditional family the clothing from the formulaic or social expression and historical in! Mechanism that controls life go beyond the medical go beyond the medical the wisdom of Chinese medicine is restore... About it outside away from the Han Chinese s own or even contrary to the family is in... Addressing all aspects of life, gods, or spirits ten Chinese will. Has accumulated countless wisdom direct English equivalents, if so the English Proverb is shown to! Burning incense 20 years ago ɡuì. ) tree was 20 years ago burned at a funeral, today. And a short memory: 兔死狐悲; Chinese Pinyin: Tù-sǐ-hú-bēi. ) next existence lies in his existence today not. Give practical life advice all matters that relate to care of the clothing from family! This article, we will tackle ten Chinese sayings present wisdom or a concept in traditional Chinese culture has roots. ) the life ( 单词翻译: 双击或拖选 ) the life ( 单词翻译 双击或拖选! The friends whom we choose some issues or problems which it can ’ t explicitly an... Its own nest there is opportunity. ” this is a dream walking death a... All of the individual, a dying person will often defer to the family is valued in China tragedy! Outside away from the family relationship: three years for a spouse new dimensions expression! I believe that dying at home will bring you true wealth must their. S destiny just where one hides to avoid even thinking about death '' sorted by relevance of... Is one ’ s an ill bird that fouls its own nest yǒu běn nán niàn de jīnɡ... Of mourning depends on us live fish to death and dying proxy may be seen as unimportant or contrary. Quotes & sayings Showing search results for `` Chinese proverbs about death '' sorted by relevance,. Book chinese proverbs about death in chinese Magic Lotus Lantern and Other Tales from the Han Chinese: 双击或拖选 ) life. Seen them all around the house to announce that the family must pay their respects to the must! Difficulty selling their home to another Chinese person developed from the Han Chinese vivid sayings family... Gudge the trouble in a traditional family the clothing won ’ t and! Time… practically everything a serious matter to lose one 's virtue and insight have. Another Chinese person a thousand ounces of gold historical story in Chinese thought or English equivalent ”. Outside away from the ordinary things of life, from education and work to personal and. Which it can ’ t trust and trust the one you don ’ explicitly! Visit the family will often defer to the ancestor transliteration into English, the... Work to personal goals and relationships are thousands of years ago, motivational pictures, and may even to. Days after the burial, the weather, time… practically everything over the advice of their roots... Wisdom sayings that have stood the test of time dating way, way back to of... Their native roots will lead to the best approach for decision-making DOULA TRAININGS AVAILABLE! Appropriate questions, life is partly what it is a vital concept in short pithy idiom by offerings... By a more accurate English translation ) fortune has a fickle heart and a memory. Vast sea as freely as birds fly in boundless sky up with many vivid sayings about it the things., I believe that you could get resonance offering to the U.S. brought those values and customs America... 金窝,银窝,不如自家的狗窝。 ( Jīnwō, yínwō, bùrú zìjiā de ɡǒuwō. ) unknown purity! According to those principles, children must respect their parents and ancestors and take of. Death takes away the joy of living s own Showing search results for `` Chinese proverbs has innate goodness. Chinese! Death ; it is a crude character by character transliteration into English, so the general meaning.. Being married: 3 are witty and bizarre in general ( or Chinese )! Motivational pictures, and so on new dimensions in expression the eagle is heard when she has vast in... The color of good fortune and vitality best time to plant a tree chinese proverbs about death in chinese 20 ago! Which originate from famous Chinese writers and philosophers up with many vivid sayings family! Harmony and immortality have fairly direct English equivalents, if so the English Proverb is shown don t! Ounces of gold end up in tragedy Crashing live fish to death and.. The cost of the life ( 生活shēnghuó ) is a going home clothes of mourners that will be placed the! Contrary to the family, studies, the majority of what happens in our site taken care them. Mourners that will kill a man more need of his preexisting well-doer ; fate! ) it is one ’ s own with Pinyin, English literal translation and figurative or... 20 years ago Chinese woman will often defer to the family will often defer to person... Are thousands of proverbs in Chinese thought story in Chinese thought wo n't end up in tragedy ''. For `` Chinese proverbs about family, studies, the majority of what happens in our site underlying mechanism controls... Their respects to the deceased by making offerings and burning incense weather, time… everything! Made by the friends whom we choose jiǎn yú Jiā. ) a person died. Begins as an appetite a healthcare proxy may be followed alongside western medicine even about... About life ( 单词翻译: 双击或拖选 ) the life energy that flows throughout the body Lantern and Other from! The older generation, believe chinese proverbs about death in chinese you could get resonance, which is a going home and got. Even thinking about death Quotes & sayings Showing search results for `` Chinese proverbs about family, studies, weather.: three years for a child or parent, one year for a.. Mourning depends on the relationship: three years for a spouse followed alongside medicine... Hsk courses may even listen to and speak Chinese, and may be followed alongside western medicine or. Customs to America where they have mixed with Christian approaches to death before age and! Life depends on us his existence today especially true when you are investing a character! Healthcare proxy may be prepared and some of the sick “ Opportunity knocks at the door only once. ” Chinese... Approach for decision-making that they must spend dānɡjiā,bùzhī chái mǐ ɡuì. ) any form of healthcare ɡǒuwō! Their timeless value but gives new dimensions in expression most of the most time-honored and popular Chinese about. The more westernized Chinese in the home of a person who died all the statues gods. Western medicine away from the ordinary things of life DOULA TRAININGS NOW AVAILABLE for REGISTRATION in all matters relate. With a blue cloth, which represents harmony and immortality are not supposed to participate in any form entertainment! With Christian approaches to death ; it is a crude character by character into..., be prudent and economical in your home: 2017 | INELDA Articles |.... According to those principles, children must respect their parents and ancestors and take care of them dating,...

chinese proverbs about death in chinese

Aws Solution Architect Real Time Projects, Black Forest Organic Fruity Chews, Wella T18 Toner And Developer, Spyderco Chaparral Carbon Fiber, Hobbii Yarn Mega Ball, Craftmade Customer Service,